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Bespoke Nationalism

Bespoke Nationalism. How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of London e.kaufmann@bbk.ac.uk. Complexity. Complexity Theory. Order from chaos

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Bespoke Nationalism

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  1. Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of London e.kaufmann@bbk.ac.uk

  2. Complexity

  3. Complexity Theory • Order from chaos • Higher level coordination emerges from uncoordinated lower-level actions • Feedback loops • Small changes big effects and vice-versa, i.e. tipping points • System adapts to new environments • Multiple equilibria • Examples: market, forest, city

  4. Al Qaeda • Coordinated from Afghanistan or uncoordinated cells inspired by the brand? • As Self-organizing network (Bousquet 2009) • Feedback loop from symbolic attacks which inspire others • Different interpretations • Adapts to local circumstance and information • Hard to defeat • Gangs and crime syndicates similar (Klein and Maxson 2006; Williams 2001)

  5. Complexity and Nationalism Order from chaos/Higher level coordination emerges from uncoordinated lower-level actions • State makes the nation from top down and centre out? • Production only? Or do consumers shape the product • Gradual diffusion or sudden shifts? • At best, Hroch’s A-B-C trajectory plus some sense of Smith’s ‘popular resonance’

  6. What about market, associations, families? • ‘Everyday nationalism’ (Deloye) • ‘banal nationalism’ (Billig) • popular nationalism (Sidel on Philippines; Kammen/O’Leary on USA) • Role of locale: ‘Heimat’ version of nation (Confino, Applegate, Zimmer)

  7. What of the birds themselves? • Lenses of nationhood (Kaufmann 2008; Zimmer 2003; Hutchinson 2005)

  8. Other Aspects of CAS • Feedbacks: State to public/market/associations, and back. Not a structure, a growth • Network effects: some innovations pertaining to national identity can spread ‘virally’ from below, but with isolated pockets • Response to environment, adaptation: individuals and groups, not just state. Local versions of the nation

  9. Tipping Points in Nationalism

  10. Role of rumour and spontaneity in nationalist violence

  11. Political Theory of Nationalism • Multiculturalism (Kymlicka, Taylor, Modood) • Individualism (Rawls, Nozick) • Liberal Nationalism (Tamir, Miller)

  12. Localism • Idea of localism seen as an answer to the problems of complexity • Notion of market / ‘wisdom of crowds’ • Resource Mobilisation Theory: parties or social movements which are branch/constituency-based more adaptable • Federalism, devolution, subsidiarity in policy

  13. Multiculturalism as National Identity • MC has symbolic, political, economic implications • MC in Europe – few political group rights, economic quotas • Mainly a symbolic issue

  14. Constructive Ambiguity • Agreement wording is ambiguous • Sold differently to each side • Leaders allow each side to believe the deal favours them

  15. Bespoke Nationalism • Current vogue for integrationist civic nationalism alienates multiculturalists, individualists, ethno-nationalists • Can we placate all? • Tailor-made nationalism • Wide range of lenses on the nation tolerated and validated • Ambiguity from leaders

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