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Explore the fascinating world of cells, from prokaryotes like bacteria to eukaryotes in plants and animals. Understand the structures, functions, and interactions of these crucial building blocks of life. Join us on this educational journey to discover the incredible realm of cell biology!
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The Dynamic Duo! • There are two types of cells: • Cells w/internal, membrane-bound structures • Cells without! • PROKARYOTES -Form unicellular organisms (bacteria) -No membrane-bound structures (Remember what the root “pro” means?) 2) EUKARYOTES -Form multicellular organisms (plants and animals) -Contain membrane-bound structures called ORGANELLES
Setting the Stage for Cell Activities! • The cell has to maintain a balance (homeostasis) of nutrients and wastes. It has to keep its audience happy! • In comes the PLASMA MEMBRANE! • Boundary between cell and environment • Allows nutrients in and waste out • Regulates levels of nutrients/wastes in cell
Behind the Scenes: Plasma Membrane! SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY! Do you have a backstage pass? • The plasma membrane of a cell allows some molecules into the cell, but keeps others out. • Some molecules are allowed in freely, like water, whereas others have limited access, like sodium. • Limited access molecules have to enter through special doors called PROTEIN CHANNELS.
Building the Set! Structure of the Plasma Membrane THE INFAMOUS PHOSPHOLIPID BI-LAYER! • Remember that a lipid is what makes up a fat! • Phospho- refers to a Phosphate group from the element Phosphorus • Bi- means 2 so it must be 2 layers!
Building the Set! Structure of the Plasma Membrane • BRRRR! Polar and Non-Polar ends! • The fatty acid (lipid) tails are NONPOLAR. • NONPOLAR means they hate water and prevent certain water-insoluble molecules from entering the cell! • The head is POLAR. • POLAR means it loves water and helps to bring water into the cell!
The Pre-Show Act…The Fluid Mosaic Model! • The movement of molecules in and out of the plasma membrane is described by the FLUID MOSAIC MODEL. • It is fluid because the membrane is flexible! • The membrane moves with the currents, just like waves on a lake. • The imbedded proteins move like boats on the surface of the lake (above and below) • These proteins form a pattern or mosaic on the surface of the membrane. • TRANSPORT PROTEINS are the proteins that move the nutrients/wastes through the membrane.
The Tech Crew! General Cell Organelles • What does organellesound like? • ORGANS! Each organ serves a purpose in your body. • Likewise, each organelle has its own function in the cell. • The organelles work together to help the cell function properly.
The Tech Crew CELL WALL • Found in plant cells, fungi, & bacteria • Rigid structure located outside plasma membrane • Provides additional protection and support • Inflexible barrier, yet porous • Made of CELLULOSE in plants • Not selectively permeable
The Tech CrewNUCLEUS • The leader of the cell! • Contains directions to make proteins which run the cell functions • Directions are found in CHROMATIN (DNA strands) • BRAIN of the cell!
The Tech CrewNUCLEOLUS • Located within the nucleus • Makes RIBOSOMES • RIBOSOMES are the sites at which enzymes and proteins are made • Ribosomes move out of the nucleolus and the nucleus through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm • There is a nuclear envelope outside the nucleus that contains these pores.
The Tech CrewCYTOPLASM • Clear, gelatinous (Jello-like) fluid in cell • Proteins are made in the cytoplasm
The Tech Crew!ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM • Site of cellular chemical reactions Highly folded membranes in cytoplasm • Large workplace in cell for protein synthesis • Folds allow for a large surface area to be stored in a small space in the cell • Ribosomes attach to ER and it is called ROUGHER • Area of ER without ribosomes are called SMOOTH ER
The Tech CrewGOLGI APPARATUS • Flattened system of tubular membranes • After proteins are made in ER they are transported to Golgi apparatus • Sorts proteins and packages them to be sent throughout the body (Like mail!)
The Tech CrewVACUOLES • Stores materials temporarily • Sac surrounded by membrane • Store food, enzymes, & wastes
The Tech CrewLYSOSOMES • Contain digestive enzymes • Digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, viruses or bacteria • Membrane protects lysosomes from digesting itself! (like the lining of your stomach!) • The Garbage Men of the cell!
The Tech CrewCHLOROPLASTS • Capture light energy and produce food for storage • Have a membrane • Found in plant cells only!
The Tech CrewMITOCHONDRIA • Transforms energy for cell • POWERHOUSE of cell! • Has an outer and highly folded inner membrane to fit large surface area into a small space
The Tech CrewCYTOSKELETON • What does CYTE mean? • So CYTOSKELETON is a CELL SKELETON! • Composed of tiny rods and filaments to form a framework to help support cell • Constantly changing structure
