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Understanding Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Types

Learn how behavior changes through reinforcement, positive and negative reinforcers, punishment, and the Two-Factor Theory. Explore schedules of reinforcement and the Skinner Box in B.F. Skinner's study. Discover fixed-interval, variable-interval, fixed-ratio, and variable-ratio reinforcement techniques.

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Understanding Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Types

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  1. Operant Conditioning Behavior is changed by being REINFORCED!!!!

  2. B. F. Skinner • Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences • Tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable consequences • Tend to avoid, or not repeat, responses that are followed by neutral or unfavorable consequences

  3. Types of Reinforcers • Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a response will occur: • Money: job, grades, chores

  4. Positive Reinforcers • Praise = increased effort • Attention = increased feelings of self-worth

  5. Positive Reinforcers • Food – cool dog tricks • Clowning around – kids act up to see if bad behavior will get them some attention

  6. Positive Reinforcers • Even bad behavior will get you some attention!

  7. Types of Reinforcers • Negative Reinforcers • Increase the probability that a response or action will occur if the stimulus if removed • Calling in sick – reduces, removes, avoids or escapes the stimulus

  8. Negative Reinforcers • Addicts take drugs and avoid withdrawal symptoms • You hit the snooze button and avoid getting up out of bed

  9. Negative Reinforcers • Take aspirin to avoid or remove a headache

  10. So….. • Both Positive and Negative reinforcers increase the frequency of a behavior!!!

  11. Punishment???? • Punishment is used to decrease a behavior… • The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior’s being repeated. • Teachers reprimand a misbehaving student • Friends make fun of your new outfit • Parents spank an unruly child

  12. Two Factor Theory • Classical conditioning can create a phobia…

  13. Two Factor Theory Operant conditioning can maintain a phobia through avoidance!

  14. Schedules of Reinforcement • How can we increase the rate of response or make it more resistant to extinction? • Deliver the reinforcer at varying rates or intervals! • How are the schedules determined? • The interval of time between correct responses • The ratio of correct responses to reinforcers

  15. Skinner Box • The experimental apparatus invented by B.F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors or when a reinforcer should be introduced

  16. Fixed- Interval: Time • A fixed amount of time occurs between presentation of the reinforcer • Pigeon pecks at one minute intervals • Report cards mailed home every six weeks • ???

  17. Variable Interval: Time • A variable amount of time elapses between presentation of reinforcers • Food pellets delivered at random times: pigeon pecks almost constantly • Pop quizzes • ???

  18. Fixed-Ratio • The reinforcer is provided after a set number of correct response • Pellets delivered every 10th try: pigeon pecks constantly • $25 for every 5 phone calls • ???

  19. Variable-Ratio • The reinforcer is provided randomly or after a variable number of correct responses • Pigeon pecks constantly • Slot Machines

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