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Napoleon

Napoleon. 1799-1815. Rise to power. 1790s: Led French military campaigns. 1796-1797: victories in northern Italy 1798: defeat in Egypt … but left his troops there and came back to France a hero.

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Napoleon

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  1. Napoleon 1799-1815

  2. Rise to power

  3. 1790s: Led French military campaigns • 1796-1797: victories in northern Italy • 1798: defeat in Egypt … but left his troops there and came back to France a hero Fun fact: The French discovered the Rosetta Stone in Egypt during Napoleon’s campaign. The stone provided the key to understanding hieroglyphics.

  4. 1799: Coup d’etat November: • overthrew Directory • est. the “Consulate” • named “First Consul” (Julius Caesar’s title) December: • new constitution (#4) approved in a plebiscite Official report: 3,011,007 for; 1,562 against

  5. Later title changes 1802: named himself sole “Consul for Life” 1804: proclaimed himself emperor (Napoleon I) Jacques Louis David’s Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon and the Empress Josephineon Dec. 2, 1804, 1806-1807 ≈20x32 feet!

  6. Napoleon’s Throne

  7. Domestic reforms & policies

  8. (1) Concordat of 1801 • What the CC gained: • declaration: “Catholicism was the religion of the great majority of the French” • Pope can depose French bishops • Church seminaries permitted • What Napoleon gained: • Religious freedom kept – CC not a state church • Pope accepts loss of church lands & tithes • State nominates bishops, pays clergy

  9. (2) Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) • Legal equality of all male citizens • Security of $$/private property • Women lost rights: • Dependents on fathers or husbands • Cannot make contracts • Cannot have bank accounts in own names

  10. The Influence of the Napoleonic Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations.

  11. (3) Strengthened the bureaucracy • Former revolutionaries put in gov’t posts • Emigrés invited back, given jobs, swear loyalty oath • New imperial nobility – positions granted on the basis of merit

  12. (4) Financial reforms • Tax reform – no tax exemptions due to status • Improvement of accounting methods • Est. sound currency and public credit • Est. Bank of France

  13. (5) Education: the lycée system • Est. 30 state-supported post-secondary schools • Admission based on merit • Scholarships available • Aim to prep students for gov’t service and learned professions

  14. Authoritarian Domestic Policies • Women lost rights (see Napoleonic Code) • Little freedom of speech/press • Occasional elections … not run fairly • Spy system • Unfair detainment & sentencing for pol. crimes

  15. Foreign policy

  16. Introduction • France was at war 1792-1815. • A series of wars … only Britain remained almost continually at war w/ France (1 year of peace, 1802-1803). • Not until 1813 were all the Great Powers (Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia) simultaneously at war with France.

  17. Timeline of events

  18. Continental System (est. 1806) Blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt trade b/t continental Europe & Britain, aimed to weaken the British econ & military

  19. The Grand Empire

  20. Napoleon’s Family Rules! • Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia. • Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain • Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland • Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy • Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome • Elisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany • Caroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples

  21. Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies

  22. How Napoleon treated areas incorporated into his empire • (+) introduced French laws / spread FR reforms (ex. abolish feudal practices) • (-) heavy taxes, req. men to serve in Fr. army

  23. Napoleon wrote to his brother Jerome, on making him king of Westphalia: “the peoples of Germany, as of France, Italy and Spain, want equality and liberal ideas. For some years now I have been managing the affairs of Europe, and I am convinced that the crowing of the privileged classes was everywhere disliked. Be a constitutional king.”

  24. “Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)

  25. Views of Napoleon

  26. Haitian Independence, 1791-1804 Toussaint L’Ouverture

  27. Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15,000,000

  28. Fall from Power

  29. Key Events • 1814: • Napoleon abdicates  Elba • Louis XVIII and Constitutional Charter • 1815: • Hundred Days • Battle of Waterloo  St. Helena Napoleon’s residence on St. Helena

  30. Napoleon & culture

  31. Neoclassical Architecture Temple to the Glory of the Great Army, commissioned 1806

  32. Neoclassical Architecture Napoleon’s Tomb

  33. Beethoven’s Eroica (1803) • Dedicated to Napoleon in 1803 • In 1804, Napoleon’s crowning himself emperor disgusted Beethoven, who exclaimed, “He’s just a rascal like all the others,” and violently erased his name from the manuscript.

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