*structural isomers

1. Chemical Components of Cells *structural isomers Example of enantiomers: *geometric isomers *enantiomers

2. Hydrocarbons • Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines. • Hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies.

3. Carbon and Organic Chemistry • The unique properties of an organic compound depend not only on its carbon skeleton but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton • These atoms are called functional groups • Some common functional groups include: Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Amino group Carboxyl group Found in amino acids and urea in urine (from protein breakdown) Found in amino acids, fatty acids, and some vitamins Found in alcohols and sugars Found in sugars

4. Macromolecules Dehydration reaction: Hydrolysis: *most macromolecules are polymers polymer monomer The making and breaking of polymers:

5. Proteins • Proteins perform most of the tasks the body needs to function • They are the most elaborate of life’s molecules MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS Contractile Proteins Transport Proteins Enzymes Structural Proteins Storage Proteins

6. Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis Proteins as Polymers Carboxyl group Amino group • The resulting bond between them is called a peptide bond Side group Side group Amino acid Amino acid Dehydration synthesis Side group Side group Peptide bond

7. Amino Acids

8. Primary structure Protein Structure 5 1 15 • The arrangement of amino acids makes each protein different 10 30 20 35 25 45 40 50 55 65 60 70 • The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein 85 80 75 95 90 100 110 115 105 120 125 129 Amino acid

9. A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function Protein Structure • The substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease 7. . . 146 2 3 6 1 4 5 (a) Normal red blood cell Normal hemoglobin 7. . . 146 2 3 1 6 4 5 (b) Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin

10. Macromolecules Secondary structure Tertiary structure

11. How does this all happen? ●Spontaneously ●Chaperonins Macromolecules Quaternary structure

12. Nucleic Acids • ● Include DNA and RNA • Information storage molecules • They provide the directions for building proteins Gene DNA Nucleic acids RNA Amino acid Protein

13. Nucleic Acids • ●Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or T) • DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid • RNA, ribonucleic acid Nitrogenous base A, G, C, or U Thymine (T) Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) Uracil U Phosphate Phosphate group Base Sugar Sugar ribose

14. Nucleic Acids ●Each nucleotide has one of the following bases:

15. Nucleic Acids ●Nucleic Acid Structure Sugar-phosphate backbone Base pair Nucleotide Hydrogen bond Bases a DNA strand polynucleotide b Double helix two polynucleotide strands

16. Nucleic Acids ●Nucleic Acid Structure

17. Nucleic Acids DNA Structure