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Roman Empire

Roman Empire. The Decline and Fall of the Republic 133-31BCE. 80% of the consuls come from 26 families, 50% came from just ten what type of government is this in reality? Capitalistic agriculture leads to a rise of a large urban proletariat proletariat= working class

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Roman Empire

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  1. Roman Empire

  2. The Decline and Fall of the Republic 133-31BCE • 80% of the consuls come from 26 families, 50% came from just ten • what type of government is this in reality? • Capitalistic agriculture leads to a rise of a large urban proletariat • proletariat= working class • bourgeoisie= upper class, own all of the land • Marius instigates a change where Roman soldiers pledge an oath to generals and not to the state • What problems could this cause?

  3. Attempts at Reform: Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus • Two plebian brothers who were looking out for the common man • Both elected as the head of their Tribune • Tried to distribute land to poor farmers • Tried to use public funds to buy grain to feed the poor. • These reforms angered the senate • The brothers and thousands of their followers were killed in waves of street violence set off by senators and their hired thugs.

  4. Civil War • Due to the social inequality present in Rome, a series of civil wars break out • Generals become the real leaders, their legions are loyal to them, not Rome

  5. Bell Work 5/8 • Use the following words in a sentence • Pompous- unnaturally and irritatingly grand, solemn, or self-important • Crass- lacking sensitivity, refinement, or intelligence. • Caesar Salad

  6. The Death of the Republic: the 1st Triumvirate Pompey Crassus After the taxi driver called a homeless person a dirt bag a few people seemed shocked by her crass comments. • the pompous waiter served us in the manner of a person doing some poor soul a great favor

  7. Caesar & the Decline of the Roman Republic • Briefly summarize the story of Caesar • In 58 B.C Caesar set out to conquer new lands after 10 years he had conquered most of Europe, including France and Belgium • Fearful of Cesar's rising fame, Pompey gets the senate to demand Caesar disband his army and return to Rome. • Caesar didn’t listen, instead he returned to Rome and crossed the Rubicon River with his army and took the city by force. • Caesar forced the senate to name him dictator for life

  8. Caesar’s Leadership as an Absolute Ruler Reforms brought to the empire • Granted citizenship to people in provinces • Expanded the senate & added supporters from throughout Italy and other region • Jobs for poor (public buildings) • Started colonies for more people to own land • Increased pay for soldiers

  9. The Results of Reform • Nobles feared their own loss of power • Some considered him a tyrant and wanted him dead. Death of Julius Caesar: March 15, 44 BC 23 important senators led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius plotted to kill him in the senate chamber- all stabbed him to death

  10. Rome after the assassination of Julius Caesar • After Caesar’s death civil war broke out in Rome • Second Triumvirate came to rule consisting of • Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son) • Mark Antony (A general) • Lepidus (Powerful politician) • Eventually Octavian came out on top • Octavian took the title of Augustus which means: exalted one or emperor

  11. Achievements of Augustus’ rule Rome Becomes an Empire • Page 149 • What were his achievements? • In what sense could this document be considered propaganda? • Propaganda = ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government,

  12. Augustus’ rule ushered in the PaxRomana meaning: Roman Peace • 207 years • Time of prosperity • 3 million square miles • Population = 60-80 million • 1 million lived in the city of Rome

  13. Reforms of Augustus 27B.C.E to 14.C.E • Legislation was passed concerning the corruption of morals • reduced spending on extravagant parties • made adultery a crime • Tax laws to penalize single people and married couples with less than 3 children • Created an imperial cult based on worshipping old Roman gods, along with Augustus & Roma (the personification of the Roman State)

  14. Golden age of Literature • Virgil writes a poem about the founding of Rome • links the founding of Rome to a man named Aeneas who escapes Troy to found Rome

  15. Golden age of Literature Ovid writes the Art of Love, one of the first guide books on seduction, i.e how to find a girlfriend/boyfriend. Page 153 • Tips from Ovid: • DON’T EXPECT THE ONE AND ONLY TO FALL OUT OF THE SKY AND LAND AT YOUR FEET. • LEARN TO KNOW THE PLACES WHERE THE FAIR ONES DO MOST HAUNT. • THE THEATRE IS A GREAT PLACE TO PICK UP GIRLS • NEVER JUDGE A MAN, OR A WOMAN, BY CANDLELIGHT. • PERSONAL HYGIENE IS ALWAYS IMPORTANT. • NOTHING IS SO POTENT AS A HABIT • DO NOT MAKE A PARADE OF YOUR NOCTURNAL EXPLOITS • STUDY THAT GREEK AND LATIN. • FORTUNE, AND VENUS, FAVOR THE BRAVE. • BE PERSISTENT. • PAY YOUR LOVERS IN POETRY.

  16. Bell Work 5/12 • Review your homework, the Ovid questions • Why do you think Augustus would be upset with what Ovid was writing in the Art of Love?

  17. Golden age of Literature • Livy sees history as a series of sharp moral lessons

  18. Where have you learned about Christianity? Name 3 things that you know about the beginning of Christianity. Name 2 symbols that you associate with Christianity *

  19. The Rise of Christianity & Rome’s religious Diversity • In 63 BC, Rome took over Judea, the home of the Jewish religion. • Judaism was tolerated by the Romans at first. • First Monotheistic Religion: Only one supreme god • However after a rebellion in Judea, many Jews hear of the teachings of Jesus & convert to Christianity, believing that he is the son of God and has come to free them from Roman persecution • Why did the Romans begin to hate Christianity/Judaism? • Monotheism vs. Polytheism • Christians/Jews didn’t recognize the emperors as Gods. • Blamed for any problems in Roman society. • Emperors such as Nero crucified and tortured Christians and Jews as traitors.

  20. Christianity Spreads through the Mediterranean • Jesus of Nazareth was born under the rule of Octavian (Caesar Augustus between 27 BCE & 14AD) • Grew up preaching the idea of one true god • Spread a message of peace, love, forgiveness • The people called him the Messiah which means King. • This worried the Roman and Jewish leaders, Pontius Pilate a Roman governor arrested Jesus.

  21. Christianity Spreads through the Mediterranean • After his crucifixion, Jesus’ followers (apostles) spread his gospels (good news) • One of the first apostles, Peter, spread the teachings of Jesus throughout Palestine and Syria • Another apostle, Paul had enormous influence of the development of Christianity • Paul stressed that Jesus was the son of God who died for people’s sins. • Also that women should be subservient to men

  22. Persecution of Christians • Romans began to persecute, kidnap and kill Christians • Christians were often the victims of the gladiatorial games • Many Christians refused to renounce their religion even in the face of death • They are known as martyrs • The Roman effort would not stop the spread of Christianity

  23. Persecution of the Christians (Left) Picture of St. Ignatius being thrown to the Lions in Rome. (He was a Christian martyr)

  24. Christian Appeal • Even with the persecution of the Christians by the 3rd Century A.D. there were millions of Christians in Rome • Widespread Appeal due to: • 1) embraced all people • 2) gave hope to the powerless • 3) appealed to those repelled by extravagances by Rome • 4) Personal relationship with loving God • 5) promised eternal life after death • 6) PaxRomana

  25. Bell Work 5/13 • How would the PaxRomana affect the spread of Christianity?

  26. PaxRomana...again PaxRomana—made spreading of Christianity possible because: • Provided an era in which travel & exchange of ideas was relatively safe • Roman Road System—enabled Christ’s message to spread throughout the Roman Empire • Common Languages—Greek & Latin allowed Christ’s messages to be easily understood

  27. Constantine and Christianity • 312 A.D. Emperor Constantine was going to battle when he prayed for help…. • He had a vision of a cross; symbol of Christianity • He had a cross painted on his soldiers shields • When he won the battle he gave credit to Christianity

  28. Constantine & the Edict of Milan • Persecution of Christians finally ends in 313 AD when emperor Constantine issues the Edict of Milan • Granted freedom of worship to all citizens in the Roman Empire • By 400 AD a new emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

  29. Constantine Moves the Roman Capital • Constantine divides the Roman Empire into two: • Rome = capital of west • Constantinople= capital of east

  30. While the Greeks aimed for simple elegance in architecture, the Romans emphasized grandeur. Immense palaces, temples, and stadiums stood as mighty monuments to Roman power and dignity. Roman Architecture

  31. The Roman Pantheon- temple to all the Roman gods

  32. The Colosseum

  33. The Coliseum- a blend of Greek and Roman architecture • The arches are supported by central columns. • The columns on the first floor are Doric. • The columns on the second floor are Ionic. • The columns on the third floor are Corinthian.

  34. Victory arches The glorious Arch of Triumph in Rome, Italy.

  35. Engineering • Aqueducts- system of pipes or channels to bring water from its source to cities.

  36. Aqueducts

  37. Aqueducts- a way to carry water • There wasn’t enough water in the city of Rome. • The Romans brought water in from the surrounding countryside. • The water was brought in by tubes called aqueducts.

  38. Why arches? • Water is heavy stuff. • The Romans needed a structure strong enough to hold all that water to move it from the mountains into the city.

  39. Where did the water go? • The water was transported in concrete tunnels. • The tunnels were underground if possible. • Sometimes the tunnel had to go above ground.

  40. How did the aqueduct work? • The water flowed in a tube on the top of the aqueduct called a water channel. • The arches supported the water channel.

  41. What did the water channel look like? • The water flowed through a rectangular channel. • The channel was lined with concrete. • Romans invented concrete.

  42. Roman Roads • Constructed throughout the Roman Empire, over 52,000 miles • Were effective in helping to move the army from place to place, and trade within the empire. Example of how people adapt to their environment.

  43. Crazy Emperors

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