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Rahe, Mahan and Arthur

Rahe, Mahan and Arthur. Today…. This morning Aims and context of Rahe, recap of procedure One on one This afternoon Timed essay on Rahe procedure Peer assessment Findings (if time). Questions. What effect can stress have on our body? Can stress make you ill?

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Rahe, Mahan and Arthur

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  1. Rahe, Mahan and Arthur

  2. Today… • This morning • Aims and context of Rahe, recap of procedure • One on one • This afternoon • Timed essay on Rahe procedure • Peer assessment • Findings (if time)

  3. Questions • What effect can stress have on our body? • Can stress make you ill? • What did Selye find about stress?

  4. Context • Psychosomatic: • A link between psychological state and physical health • Relationship between stress and illness • Immune system • Cardiovascular system (heart and blood)

  5. Context • Thinking back to PY1, what did Selyefind in his research in his research on rats? • Stress and illness • Holmes and Hawkins • Not poverty itself which causes TB, but the emotional effects of poverty

  6. Context • Hawkins (1957) • Compared TB patients to controls. Matched for age, race etc. • Increase in “disturbing occurrences” in the TB patients. • Is there a link between stressful events and illness?

  7. Context • Issues with methodology • Research may lack…? There are biases inherent in using hospital samples and drawing conclusions from retrospective studies ... few attempts have been made to put the life stress and subsequent illness hypotheses in non hospital populations. Dr Richard Rahe

  8. Context • Another issue • All previous studies measure stress in different ways. • Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) • 43 critical life events based on 5000 case studies • All about life changes, both positive and negative • Life change units (LCU) calculated by asking 400 people to rate them in terms of stress

  9. Context • Could we expose individuals to certain stressors, and measure their rate of illness? If not, why? • Retrospective studies: issues • Recall from past • Investigator effects • Sample bias

  10. Aims • To overcome the methodological issues of retrospective studies by carrying out a prospective study with more control. • A normal population would be used (sailors) • Investigate the relationship between stressful life events and future illness.

  11. Procedures • Read the procedure on pg 81 • Fill in the blank information on the sheet

  12. Findings • What was the relationship between Total Life Change Units (TLCU) and illness? • What was the correlation co-efficient for the TCLUs six months before the cruise and illness while on board? • Relationship stronger for cruiser 1 and 3, and for married men

  13. Findings • Decile groups • All participants ranked in terms of their TCLUs and put into one of ten bands, each containing 10% of the total.

  14. Findings • Decile groups show a general trend, but it was an uneven distribution. • Groups banded into “High” and “low” illness • Plot this data into a bar chart • How clear is the relationship now? • Look at scatter graph on pg 82. Summarise these results

  15. Findings and conclusions • More findings • Read pg 91. What last piece of evidence is there? • Conclusions • What is the main conclusion? • Read through the rest of the conclusions and highlight

  16. Evaluating the methodology • Pg 84 has some good evaluation points. • Using the pointers on the handout, evaluate the study • One evaluation point each, pass on.

  17. Alternative Evidence • What did Vidal (2006) and Gupta and Gupta (2004) Find? • Rubin et al (1972) • Predictive relationship between SRE scores and later illness in naval aviators in vietnam • In other words, the higher the stress score, the more likely they were to be ill.

  18. Alternative Evidence • Major life changes vs minor daily stress • What minor stresses (hassles) can you think of? • See daily hassles sheet • DeLongis et al (1988) • +.59 correlation between daily hassles and next day illness • Two interpretations of this...

  19. Alternative Evidence • Rahe found a link between stress and illness • Descriptive rather than explanatory • Kiecolt-Glaser et al (1984). • Blood tests taken before and during the exam period. Levels of natural killer cells significantly lower during the exam period. • Suggests that short term predictable stressors reduce immune system functioning increasing illness.

  20. Alternative Evidence • Which piece of alterative evidence for Langer and Rodin could be used here? • Could stress be good? • Evans et al (1994) • sIgA levels increase for very short term stress • Use three colours to highlight research that supports, contradicts,or developsRahe’s research (some may be more than one colour).

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