Origins of Modern Astronomy

1. Origins of Modern Astronomy

2. Nebular Hypothesis (pg. 3) • Solar nebula • Large rotating cloud • Mostly made of hydrogen and helium • Made our solar bodies

3. Solar System formation Nebular hypothesis • Nebula (cloud) rotates and collapses toward the center • Cooling causes tiny solid particles • Particles collide and form asteroid sized bodies to form terrestrial planets • Lighter material and gases collect to form outer planets

4. Layers form on earth • Decay of radioactive material and heat released by colliding material cause melting of interior • Iron and nickel sink to interior • Lighter material float out • Gases escape to form atmosphere

5. Separation and Density Demo • Why didn’t the solids separate? • Why did the liquids separate? • What state was Earth most likely in when it separated into layers

6. Quiz 1 • Describe the Nebular Hypothesis • What state was the earth most likely in when it separated into layers? Homework: • Read pg. Section 2 Chapter 24 • Review pg. 683

7. Early AstronomySection 22.1 • Astronomy • Science of studying the universe • Properties of objects in space • Laws of how the universe works

9. Golden Age600 BC-AD 150Aristotle • Greek philosopher (384-322 BC) • Earth is round • Casts a curved shadow when passes between sun and moon His belief was abandoned during the Middle Ages

10. Eratosthenes276-194 BC • First successful attempt to figure out the size of the earth Hipparchus 2nd Century BC • Divided stars into six groups according to brightness • Method for predicting lunar eclipses

11. Geocentric model • Moon, sun and planets orbit the earth • Celestial sphere (stars) orbits the earth • Incorrect

12. Heliocentric Model • Aristarchus (Greek 312-230 BC) • Earth and other planets orbit the sun

13. Ptolemaic System • Claudius Ptolemy, wrote a 13 volume work on Greek astronomy • Geocentric, used epicycles to explain the varying brightness of planets and planet retrograde motions • Used mathematical terms to explain the heavenly bodies

14. Nicolaus Copernicus1473-1543 (Poland) • Earth is a planet like other planets • Earth rotates • Solar system with sun at the center • Orbits were circular, was unable to improve how we predict where planets are located

15. Ptolemy and epicycles revisited • http://astro.unl.edu/naap/ssm/animations/ptolemaic.html

16. Tycho Brahe1546-1601Denmark • Developed instruments to measure the locations of heavenly bodies • Collected a vast amount of data that Keplar was able to use to build his laws of planetary motion

17. Johannes Keplar1571-1630 • Three laws of planetary motion • Keplar observed: • Mars orbit was elliptical • As Mars approaches the sun it speeds up and slows down as it goes away from the sun

18. Three laws of planetary motion • The path of each planet around the sun is an ellipse with the sun at one focus. • Each planet revolves around the sun so that it sweeps over equal areas in equal amounts of time causing it to travel more rapidly in areas closer to the sun. • The square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of its distance from the sun. (d3 = p 2)

19. Kepler’s laws • http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~zhu/ast210/kepler.html

20. Easy math If planet A is 4 units from the sun then what is its orbital period. (d3 = p 2)

21. Another way to say them • The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus. (The Law of Ellipses) • An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time. (The Law of Equal Areas) http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/circmot/ksl.cfm • The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun. (The Law of Harmonies)

22. Keplar’s laws http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5a2mcE-tzKE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcKiG-CuvtA

24. Let’s watch different planets in action • http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/renaissance/kepler.html

25. Astronomical UnitAU • The average distance between the Earth and the sun. • About 150 million kilometers • All other planets are measured in AU • Earth is 1 AU Period of Revolution and Solar distances are found in table 1 on page 618 of the Earth Science Book

26. Visualizing an Astronomical Unit • You need roll of adding machine tape • Using the chart on page 618, mark off the distance in AU of each planet from the sun. • Each meter will represent 10 AU. (so is 1 AU=1/10 meter=10 cm.)

27. Homework Read 614-621 Do problems 1-7 (yes do the math practice!!!)

28. Galileo Galilei1564-1642 • Developed telescope • Discoveries • Four satellites around Jupiter which proved Earth was not the only center of motion • Planets are circular disks and not points of light • The moon’s surface was not smooth • Sun has dark spots • Retrograde motion is due to planets passing the earth in their orbits Galileo stated no force is required to keep an object in motion (inertia)

29. Venus Phases How many phases does Venus go through? What is the cause of these phases?

30. Retrograde motion http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::600::/sites/dl/free/0072482621/78780/Retro_Nav.swf::Retrograde%20Mo \

31. Galileo and Venus • How did Venus retrograde motion definitely prove that the sun is at the center of the solar system? • Turn to your table group and see if you can figure it out

32. Newton • Mathematician • Invented calculus to solve the gravity

33. Newton: Three laws of motion Law 1: An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This law is often called "the law of inertia". http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/louviere/Newton/law1.html

34. Law 2 • Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object). • http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/louviere/Newton/law2.html • Force=mass x acceleration • Forceg=mass x gravitational acceleration

35. A little math • If Marvin the Martian is 100 lbs on Earth how much would he weigh on the moon if the surface gravity is 17% of that on Earth? Weight=mass x gravitational acceleration Or weight = weight on earth x specific gravity Now see if you can figure it out W= 100 lbs x .17=17 lbs.

36. Law 3 • For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action. • http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/louviere/Newton/law3.html

37. Sir Isaac Newton1642-1727 Say What?

38. Newton in a nutshell Without the influence of gravity, planets would move in a straight line out into space. The tendency of planets to remain in a straight line and the force of gravity result in elliptical patterns

39. Using Newton’s gravity Basically Force is proportional to the product of the mass of two objects/distance between them squared so: If the mass doubles the force doubles but if the distance doubles then you have ¼ the force. So you can figure weight of an object if you know the distance from earth

40. Another problem If Marvin is 36 lbs how much is his weight if he is at 2r (distance from Earth) Weight = 36/22 36/4=9lbs

41. So if this is true and astronauts at the space station are still within the earth’s gravity, why do they experience weightlessness??? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2V9h42yspbo

42. Vomit Comet http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2V9h42yspbo

43. So what did Einstein have to say about gravity? But what is gravity, what is it that attracts to objects to one another? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-p8yZYxNGc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbhuRcmSkMg&feature=related

44. Gravity as Curved Space