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Carl Rogers: Person Centered Theory. Basic Aspects of Rogers’ Approach. A. Holism: Level of Analysis is Whole Individual. B. Drive Toward Self Actualization. C. Active "Construing" of Experience: Phenomenology. Perceived reality more important than “truth.” D. Importance of Free Will:
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Basic Aspects of Rogers’ Approach A. Holism: Level of Analysis is Whole Individual. B. Drive Toward Self Actualization. C. Active "Construing" of Experience: • Phenomenology. • Perceived reality more important than “truth.” D. Importance of Free Will: • Humans: active participants in their development. • NOT deterministic approach.
Basic Aspects of Rogers’ Approach E. Importance of social influences on development: • Feedback from others shapes view of self. F. Importance of Consciousness / Awareness: • Awareness of “WHY” behave. • What is allowed into awareness?
Basic Aspects of Rogers’ Approach G. Positive View of Human Nature: • If “necessary” conditions exist, healthy development will ensue. H. Importance of Research: • Heavily Researched Theory. • Not "Slave" to Methodology.
Two Basic Human Tendencies According to Rogers A) Formative Tendency B) Actualizing Tendency
Basic Human Tendency: Formative Tendency • Tendency for things to move from disorganization to organization. • Opposite of Freud’s View. • Tendency toward growth and integration of the self.
Basic Human Tendency: Actualizing Tendency • Tendency toward Self Actualization. • Similarity to Maslow’s Approach. • For growth to occur, individual must have experience with significant others who show: • 1. Genuineness --> "Real", Accepting of Self. • 2. Unconditional Acceptance. • 3. Empathy. • These allow (but do not cause) actualization.
Basic Human Tendency: Actualizing Tendency • If “genuineness, unconditional acceptance, empathy” not present, path toward actualization can be distorted. • Requirements above are similar to those for successful treatment.
Rogers’ View of the "SELF" A) Organismic Self; B) Self Concept;C) Ideal Self
Organismic Self: • The Real Self. • What one "is." • One’s Entire Being.
Self-Concept: • Evaluation of one's own characteristics. • The Subjective Self. • May Differ from "Real" Self.
“Organismic Self” versus “Self-Concept” • A “true” experience may conflict with self-concept (“Incongruence”). • Result -- the experience may be denied OR distorted. • Example: Attraction to another person while in committed relationship. • Attraction = True Self / Organismic Self. • "I'm Faithful" = Self-Concept. • "Other is Seductive" = Distortion.
Ideal Self • Self as one “Would Like to Be.” • Conflict between self-concept & ideal self? • If so, also = Incongruence. • High Incongruence = Unhealthy Personality.
Levels of Awareness inRogers' Theory of Personality A) Subconscious; B) Accurately Symbolized; C) Distorted
Subconscious Level of Awareness • Material not brought into awareness. • Filtered / Ignored. • e.g., Sights / Sounds Outside. • Denial -- Exclusion from awareness. • e.g., Material conflicting with self-concept. • Things not in awareness CAN influence behavior (“Subception”).
Freely/Accurately Symbolized in Awareness • Allowed freely into awareness. • Experiences Consistent with Self Concept. • Not Threatening. • Example: if recognize a personal weakness, person is able to “hear” feedback about that weakness.
Distortions: Levels of Awareness • Material inconsistent with self-concept is “modified” before being allowed into consciousness. • Individual may distort positive or negative information. • Distortions lead to increased incongruence. • Example: Compliment on one's appearance: • "I don't deserve it; I’m ugly" --> Self Concept. • "They don't mean it" --> distortion.
Needs According to Rogers A) Maintenance Needs; B) Enhancement Needs; C) Positive Regard; D) Self Regard
A) Maintenance Needs • Similar to Basic Needs as described by Maslow • Desire to maintain the self. • Examples: • Food. • Shelter. • Safety. • Consistency.
B) Enhancement Needs • Desire for growth and enhancement of self concept. • Motivation toward Actualization. • Similar to Maslow’s Actualization Needs.
C) Need forUnconditional Positive Regard: • Desire for Unconditional Love, Acceptance from Significant Others. • Very strong need across lifespan. • May override “natural instincts.” • Similar to Maslow’s Love/Belongingness Needs.
D) Need forSelf Regard: • Desire for sense of self-confidence & self-worth. • Initially dependent on receiving unconditional positive regard from others: • Like Maslow --> Esteem grows from love/beloningness needs being met. • Later in life, autonomous and self-perpetuating. • Similar in general to Maslow’s Esteem Needs.
Conditional Positive Regard • Not unconditional love. • Acceptance only if provide something in return. • "Strings" attached to acceptance and love from others. • Can be Internalized --> Distorts Self Concept.
What’s Wrong with Incongruence? • Incongruence: Discrepancy between Organismic Self and Self Concept. • Incongruence: Discrepancy between Self-Concept and Ideal Self. • Related to Psychopathology: • General Maladjustment. • Tension / Anxiety. • Extreme Incongruence Leads to Disorganization / Psychosis. • Link to Conditional Positive Regard.
Basic Aspects of Rogerian Client Centered Therapy • Incongruence --> Maladjustment. • Goal of therapy: Help Client Become More Congruent. • Client “Grows’ in context of therapeutic environment. • For Growth to occur, therapist must be: • Congruent. • Unconditionally Accepting. • Empathic.
