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Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers . Person-Centered Theory. Carl Rogers - 1902-1987 . Born in Oak Park, IL, 4th of 6 children. Family Background. Family valued hard work, fundamentalist Christianity, following strict rules of behavior

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Carl Rogers

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  1. Carl Rogers Person-Centered Theory

  2. Carl Rogers - 1902-1987 • Born in Oak Park, IL, 4th of 6 children

  3. Family Background • Family valued hard work, fundamentalist Christianity, following strict rules of behavior • Family moved to farm to prevent children having close contact with others in city, suburbs

  4. Carl Rogers - 1902-1987 • Enrolled in ag program at UW, spent 6 months in China with YMCA program • In China Rogers grew more tolerant of different customs • B.A. History 1924, only one psych class

  5. Education and Early Adulthood • Married Helen, a commercial artist, over objections of parents who recommended waiting until postgrad studies were finished • Moved to NYC for grad school - entered Union Theological Seminary • Took courses at Teachers College, Columbia; decided on grad work in psychology

  6. Person-Centered Theory - The Actualizing Tendency • Called all motivation the actualizing tendency--the urge to expand, extend, develop, mature, to express and activate all the capacities of the organism • Very humanistic view

  7. The Actualizing Tendency • We do not behave irrationally, as psychoanalysis assumed--we move with ordered complexity toward our goals • This tendency leads to complexity, independence, and social responsibility • The motivation intrinsic to each person is basically good and healthy

  8. Person-Centered Theory - The Actualizing Tendency • A self-actualizing person is in touch with the inner experience that is inherently growth producing, the organismic valuing process--a subconscious guide that evaluates experience for its growth potential • It draws people toward experiences that are growth producing and away from those that would inhibit growth

  9. Person-Centered Theory - The Actualizing Tendency • A person who pays attention to the organismic valuing process is self-actualizing or fully functioning • A person who is fully functioning has several characteristics: openness to experience, existential living, organismic trusting, experiential freedom, and creativity

  10. Person-Centered Theory - The Self • Many people experience discrepancy between the ideal self and the real self • The real self contains a person’s true or real qualities, including the actualizing tendency • Incongruence - the experience of conflict between the real self and the ideal self

  11. Person-Centered Theory - The Self • When a person is incongruent - experiences the real self as threatening • To prevent this, defense mechanisms distort, deny experience • Real self may be suppressed

  12. Person-Centered Theory -Development • Adults tell children to “be good” - e.g., be good, be respectful, be hard-working, etc. - “bad” behavior is punished or ignored • Rogers called this conditional positive regard • As a result, children come to think of themselves as having only the “good” qualities, disown the “bad”

  13. Person-Centered Theory - Development • Rogers thought better alternative would be to give child unconditional positive regard - loving the child regardless of behavior • This allows child to explore all potentials • Since he viewed people as essentially good, the outcome is the development of a fully functioning person

  14. Person-Centered Theory - Therapy • Therapy could help a person reconnect with his/her organismic valuing process • Direction comes from the client rather than from the therapist’s insights, so referred to as nondirective therapy, later client-centered therapy

  15. Therapy • Unconditional Positive Regard • Congruence • Empathic understanding

  16. Marriage • Mutual trust, tolerance of separate and shared interests, focus on uniqueness of each partner rather than roles • Greater mutuality, equality, honest communication result

  17. Relationships • Research - H.S. and college students have higher self-esteem if romantic partners, friends possess characteristics of unconditional acceptance, empathy, and congruence

  18. Carl Rogers - Summary • People actively seek higher development • Motivated by the actualizing tendency • A healthy person is a fully functioning person • Factors that contribute to successful therapy, relationships - unconditional positive regard, congruence, empathic understanding

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