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Primary Energy

ENERGY SECURITY Vicepresidence for Sectors and Knowledge . Infrastructure and Environment Sector . Energy Division German Cruz December 2008 V Summit of the Americas 2009. Primary Energy. Crude oil is the more accessible and commercial form of primary energy around the world

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Primary Energy

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  1. ENERGY SECURITYVicepresidence for Sectors and Knowledge . Infrastructure and Environment Sector . Energy DivisionGerman CruzDecember 2008V Summit of the Americas 2009

  2. Primary Energy • Crude oil is the more accessible and commercial form of primary energy around the world • Petroleum derivates can be used for transportation sector o thermal power generation • Other fossil sources like gas, or coal are used fundamentally for thermal power generation. • Other sources supply of primary energy, like hydro, wind, or solar, can be used only for electric power generation

  3. Primary Energy Supply Source: OLADE SIEE, 2005

  4. Western Hemisphere- oil

  5. Western Hemisphere- oil 2020

  6. Western Hemisphere Oil Stocks (Bb)

  7. Energy Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean • Energy production and consumption in the region is comparatively low, although these are rising. • The intensity of energy use and energy supply varies across the region. • Much of the region’s energy consumption is concentrated in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela. • Across the region, the sectors consuming the most energy are: • Industry (region-wide average of 38%) • Transportation (32% on average)

  8. Evolution of Electricity Generation by source - Latin America -

  9. Other non- Unsustainable Timber renewables, 0.5% 2.2% Nuclear, 1.6% Coal, 4.8% Oil, 41.7% Renewable, 24.8% Natural gas, 24.5% Energy supply LAC- 2004 Source: Altamonte, 2006. ‘Renewable Energy Sources in LAC: 2 years after Bonn’

  10. Renewable Energy in LAC* • Today, renewable sources of energy generate 24.8% of LAC’s electricity. • Studies indicate they could generate up to 47% of the electric demand estimated for 2030. • Biomass and biological wastes are another important source of renewable energy in the region • Central America and the Caribbean could replace between 10% and 50% of their gasoline consumption through the production of ethanol generated from sugar cane. * LAC: Latin American and the Caribbean

  11. Hydropower • The region as a whole relies heavily on hydroelectricity (Brazil, Colombia, etc.) • The region holds 21 % of global hydro-generation capacity. • Most countries in the region use already a good portion of their hydraulic potential to generate electricity. • Most countries operate on the multi-megawatt range. However, small hydropower should be exploited as a good alternative given the high rainfall indices and rough topography of many countries. Source: Huacuz, J., 2003

  12. Hydropower, cont. Source: OLADE, 2005. ‘Energy Statistics Report 2005’

  13. Solar Energy • Thanks to its low cost is becoming an attractive means of bringing electricity to isolated rural communities. • The first solar cells cost around $200 dollars per watt. Today they cost less than $3 dollars per watt. • Peru- Sustainable Rural Electrification: Installation of 12,500 Photovoltaic systems in rural households ill-suited for grid extension in four regions of the country. • Chile- Rural Electrification Program: IDB financed US$40 million. Nearly 1,000 one-house photovoltaic systems have been installed in isolated rural dwellings.

  14. Geothermal Energy • Costa Rica generates 98 percent of its electricity through renewable sources, thanks in part to a growing reliance on geothermal energy. • Mexico is now the world’s third largest producer of geothermal electricity. • It generates 953 MW for around 6,600 GWh of geothermal energy per year, contributing 3.1% to the Mexico’s electricity supply (global geothermal supply is 0.442%). • Studies have shown a potential for 3,650 MW (20,460 GWh) that could provide more than 12% of total electricity generation. Source: Gawell & Greenberg, 2007. ‘2007 Interim Report, Update on World Geothermal Dev.’

  15. Wind Energy • Most commercial RE alternative in the developed world. Estimated $71 billion invested in RE worldwide in 2007, of which 47% was for wind. • Principal component for decarbonizing society since free of GHG emissions • New materials, turbine designs and new technologies have slashed the cost per watt

  16. Wind Energy LAC • Good experiences with pilot projects at different levels: Costa Rica (commercial), Colombia (technical cooperation). • Brazil: Rapidly increasing its wind installed capacity: • 2006: 28MW • 2007: 237 MW • Expected increase from new projects: 1400 MW • Mexico - La Venta II: total installed capacity of 83.3 MW and 307,728 MWh estimated yearly average generation. • Expected increase 3000 MW for 2006-2014 according to the Mexican Wind Energy Association

  17. Biofuels

  18. Sustained Biofuels • Certain importing markets will require biofuels that meet certain sustainability standards. • LAC has the potential to be at the forefront of creating a sustainable biofuels industry. • IDB partners with the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels to increase investment in sustainable biofuels. • The IDB is currently : • - Developing internal sustainability guidelines for biofuels • - Developing a “scorecard” to promote only the most sustainable biofuels

  19. What lies ahead • Increase energy efficiency and reduce harmful pollution while also promoting economic development. • Investment needed in Energy in LAC (2005-2030) • The energy demand in LAC will increase 75% by 2030. • Required investments: US$ 1,600 billion • In the next decade alone, LAC will require a 50% increase in its installed capacity, more than 90GW

  20. Towards the future:Supply and Demand balance achieved through RE and EE

  21. Renewable Energy: Importancefor Poverty Alleviation • Energy security has important implications on Poverty • Poverty is still higher than in 1980 in both relative and absolute terms • Approx. 10% of total population (50 million people) does not have electricity • Poverty relief linked to increased energy consumption • For the 16 countries which are net importers of oil, the price increase of hydrocarbons poses an increasing challenge. • Some of LAC’s major exporters are experiencing reduction in the productivity of their deposits Sustainable Energy: A priority for the IDB

  22. Challenges for the Region • Achieve sustainability of energy supply and rational use of resources • Energy access for all the population • Within the region some countries face: • Energy security issues and high energy bills • Urban pollution problems and extreme vulnerability to climate change • Regulatory and institutional frameworks • Pre-investment resources to support project preparation and development

  23. Conclusions • The Western Hemisphere is an energy net importer • The deficit originates from the energy gap of North America • With declining stocks, this gap will tend to widen with time. • Climate Change is likely to add extra strain to the energy deficit. • Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency will contribute to cover the energy deficit. • Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation are becoming part of Energy Security strategies.

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