1. Some Fingerprint Background • 2,000 BC—Ancient Babylonians used fingerprints on clay tablets during business transactions. • 1858—Sir William Herschel required laborers in India to sign contracts with fingerprints. • 1892— Sir Francis Galton created the foundation of modern fingerprinting science by arguing that fingerprints are unique. • 1902—Fingerprinting used in the United States. • 1924—Congress establishes the Identification Division of the F.B.I. • 2005—Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) maintained by F.B.I. compares a single fingerprint with a database of 47 million fingerprints.

2. Cyanoacrylate-Fuming Method • Known as the Super-Glue Method. • Used by most state and local police in United States. • A chemical technique used to make latent fingerprints visible.

3. Different Patterns of Fingerprints • In a loop, the ridges enter from either side, curve, and exit the same side they entered. • In a whorl, the ridges are usually circular. • In an arch, the ridges enter from one side, make a rise in the center, and exit on the opposite side.

4. Identifications • Scotland Yard requires 16 points • Australia requires 16 points • Germany requires 12 points • Netherlands requires 10 points • Bulgaria requires 8 points • South Africa requires 7 points • United States has no set standard

5. The Future of Fingerprinting Most commonly used biometric identification methods: • Fingerprint scan: 58% • Facial scan: 13.4% • Hand scan: 12% • Iris scan: 8.3% • Voice scan: 5.1% • Signature scan: 2.4% • Keystroke scan: .3% Does not total 100% due to rounding