Ch. 5 Review

1. Ch. 5 Review Wyatt Wall

2. 5.1 How Do Species Interact? The 5 types of interactions between species are: Interspecific competition: species interact to get limited resources. Predation: when a predator tries to get it prey for food. Parasitism: one organism feeds on another organism to live Mutualism: an interaction that benefits both species Commensalism: when one organism benefits and the other doesn’t. Like interspecific competition humans compete against animals for resources.

3. 5.1 continued • Competition is a major thing with species like fighting for resources and land. • An ecological niche is important because it shows that all species play a role. These cause for organisms to be different from each other by their physical features. That can cause an overlap where 2 dominant species fight to get resources. • Overlap can cause an increase and decrease in species • Natural selection led to adaptation for many species which turned to resource partitioning. • Resource partitioning is when species competing for similar scarce resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to share resources.

4. 5.1 Cont. • Predator-prey relationship is how the rely and react on each other. • But the relationships can hurt many environments food webs. • Methods to get prey: Herbivores: they can only simply fly, walk, and swim. Predators use pursuit, ambush and camouflage which hides them with the environment, but some rarely use chemical warfare. Prey has evolved to not be caught like getting faster, their senses getting better; but they also have chemical warfare which causes irritation, bad taste, coloration, and mimicry with behavior changes

5. 5.1 cont. • Coevolution has been important because 2 species fight for resources and then change in the process become less competitive so they don’t die. • In parasitism the parasite is smaller than the host. • Mutualism causes 2 things protection and nutrition. • 1 type of mutualism is gut inhabitant where species help other break down food.

6. 5.1 cont. • Science focus- the kelp forest are decreasing because predation on them by sea urchins. Kelp forests are one of the most diverse ecosystems found in water, supporting large numbers of marine species. • Core Case Study- otters are die from habitat loss an being hunted. There are a few amount but we have learn that they can help the environment by how they hunt they clean their food then eat it.

7. 5.2 What Limits the Growth of Populations? • Population is a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species. • Dispersed is a way they live in a small amount and clumped is many living in one section. • The 4 changes in population sizes are births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. • Age structure also is apart of population by distribution of individuals among various age groups. • To increase the population the reproductive organisms #s need to be higher.

8. 5.2 continued • Range of tolerance to variations in its physical and chemical environment. • Limiting factors make the limiting factors principle that too little will kill organisms but to much will make to many. • Marine systems are factor principles because they need the right temperature, oxygen and more. • There is a limit of how much an environment can hold called carry capacity. • Environmental resistance is the combination of all factors that act to limit the growth of a population.

9. 5.2 cont. • Exponential growth is good because a population grows and still has resources. • For a population to grow its keystone species need to change it. • But a danger to species populations losses are habitat loss and overhunting. • An overshoot population makes a population crash which organisms die fast by little resources. • Also some species have little population but survive because they live longer because only a few are born at a time. • Population density is the number of individuals in a population found in a particular area. • Some controls of it is parasitism, infectious disease, and com- petition for resources.

10. 5.2 cont. • By large densities of animals predators cant take a lot of one species. • Population sizes are stable which is a population that does well, irruptive which cause a problem to a decline, cyclic is changes of growth and drops in populations, and irregular are changes that don’t ever happen again. • One major reason populations fall is human activities.

11. 5.2 cont. • Science focus: the otter population has fallen because overhunting and minor habitat loss. They also have change sizes by how much food they have. Parasites also kill them by what they eat.

12. 5.3 How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions? • changing environmental conditions are lowering fires, volcanic eruptions, climate change, and the clearing of forests to plant crops. • Ecological succession is the change of specie by the environment. • Primary ecological succession is biotic communities coming to a barren place. • The primary majorly comes from scrapping glaciers.

13. 5.3 continued • secondary ecological succession, in which a series of ecosystems with different species development. • natural ecological restoration are both the successions of the environment. • An environment with medium amount of species that die early are a balance of nature. • Inertia is the ability of a living system such as a grassland or a forest to survive moderate disturbances

14. 5.3 cont. • Resilience is the ability a living system to be restored through secondary succession after severe disturbances. • The less diverse areas have little disturbances while big has a lot. • Science focus: the factors of succession are facilitation, inhabitation, and tolerance.Inhabitation is the most important because it deals with all the species in the environment.