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Understanding Passive and Active Transport: Key Concepts in Cell Membrane Function

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kimo
48 diapositives · 644 Views · Jul 22, 2014

This review explores the essential concepts of passive and active transport across cell membranes. It defines critical terms like solute, solvent, and various transport mechanisms, including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Learn about the role of water as a solvent, the structure of the cell membrane, and how cells maintain equilibrium in different solutions (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic). The document also covers active transport modes, including protein pumps and endocytosis, highlighting their importance in maintaining cellular function.

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Understanding Passive and Active Transport: Key Concepts in Cell Membrane Function
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  1. Ch. 5 Review 5.1 Passive Transport

  2. Differentiate the terms solute and solvent. • Solute = substance being dissolved • Solvent = substance doing the dissolving

  3. What is the solvent inside and outside of the cell? • Water

  4. What are the four components of the cell membrane? • Phospholipids • Carbs • Proteins – both integral and peripheral • Steroids (cholesterol)

  5. What does selectively permeable or semi-permeable mean? • Only certain things can pass through

  6. What are the two main types of transport? What’s the difference between the two?

  7. List the four types of passive transport. • Simple diffusion • Osmosis • Facilitated diffusion • Diffusion through ion channels

  8. Define diffusion. Why does it occur? • Movement of particles from high conc. to low • Occurs naturally due to kinetic energy of particles

  9. Give an example of diffusion. • Food coloring in water • Perfume/cologne • Loss of helium from a balloon • Smoke • Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other small nonpolar molecules across the cell membrane

  10. What is equilibrium? • Particles are spread evenly throughout a space

  11. Do the particles stop moving in equilibrium? • No! • Why not? • They have kinetic energy!

  12. What is osmosis? • Movement of water from high to low conc. through a membrane

  13. Define hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. • Hypertonic = high solute • Hypotonic = low solute • Isotonic = same solute

  14. In which of those solutions are the particles in equilibrium? • Isotonic

  15. Which way does water flow when cells are in a hypotonic solution? • In • What happens to animal cells? • Cytolysis • What happens to plant cells? • Turgor pressure

  16. What is cytolysis? • Cell bursting • Why don’t plant cells experience cytolysis? • They have cell walls

  17. What is turgor pressure? • Pressure of membrane pushing against the cell wall

  18. Which way does water flow when cells are in a hypertonic solution? • Out • What happens to animal cells? • Crenation • What happens to plant cells? • Plasmolysis

  19. What is crenation? • Cell shrinking/shriveling

  20. What is plamolysis? • Cell membrane pulls away from cell wall

  21. If you are stranded at sea, why shouldn’t you drink the ocean water? • It’s too salty! You would be putting your cells in a hypertonic environment which would cause them to lose water!!

  22. What is facilitated diffusion? • Assisted diffusion • Movement of particles from high conc. to low through a transport protein called a carrier protein

  23. Do carrier proteins transport lots of different types of molecules or one type of molecule? • One type… they are specific!

  24. List the steps of facilitated diffusion. • Carrier protein binds to molecule • Carrier protein changes shape • Molecule moves through • Molecule released on other side; carrier protein returns to original shape and is reusable

  25. What types of molecules move by facilitated diffusion? • Glucose • Small polar molecules

  26. What is diffusion through ion channels? • Movement of ions from high conc. to low through carrier proteins called ion channels or channel proteins • Ion channels are also specific – they only move one type of ion

  27. What is the everyday word for an ion? • electrolyte

  28. Why can’t ions move through the cell membrane on their own? • They are charged – repelled by nonpolar interior of cell membrane

  29. Some ion channels open and close. What are they called? • Gated channels

  30. What controls the opening/closing of gated ion channels? • Cell membrane stretching • Electrical signals • Chemical signals

  31. What are some common ions? • sodium (Na+) • potassium (K+) • calcium (Ca2+) • magnesium (Mg+) • chlorine (Cl-) • phosphate (PO4-) • bicarbonate (HCO3-)

  32. Why are ions important? • Heartbeat and nerve function • Fluid balance • Oxygen delivery • Acid-base balance

  33. 5.2 Active transport

  34. What’s the difference between active and passive transport? • Active transport moves substances against the gradient • Active transport requires ATP!!

  35. List the types of active transport • Protein pumps • Endocytosis • Exocytosis

  36. What is a protein pump? • Transport protein that moves molecules from low to high conc. ; requires energy

  37. What are the basic steps of how protein pumps work? • Protein binds to molecule • Protein changes shape; this requires ATP! • Molecule moves through protein and is released on the opposite side • Protein returns to original shape and is reusable

  38. Give an example of a protein pump. • Sodium-potassium pump

  39. Cells must maintain higher sodium _______ and higher potassium _________ the cell. • Outside • Inside

  40. Sodium and potassium always move in a ________ ratio. • 3:2

  41. Describe how the sodium-potassium pump works. • 3 sodiums bind to the pump on the inside of the cell • Protein splits a phosphate from ATP and releases energy; the free phosphate binds to the pump causing it to change shape • 3 sodiums move out • 2 potassiums bind to pump on outside of cell • Phosphate is released from pump causing it to change shape • Potassiums move in • Protein returns to original shape and is reusable

  42. Define endocytosis. • Talking bulky materials into a cell

  43. What are the two types of endocytosis? • Pinocytosis • Phagocytosis • What’s the difference between the two? • Pinocytosis – fluids, cell “drinking” • Phagocytosis – solids, cell “eating”

  44. How does endocytosis work? • Cell membrane folds inward around material to be ingested • Membrane pinches off inside of cell forming a vesicle • Vesicle fuses with a lysosome to digest materials

  45. Define exocytosis. • Forcing material out of the cell in bulk

  46. How does it work? • Vesicle containing material fuses with the cell membrane releasing contents outside

  47. The cell membrane changes shape… this requires ___________. • Energy

  48. Give three examples of materials released from a cell by exocytosis. • Hormones • Proteins • Wastes