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Understanding Transposons: The Jumping Genes and Their Role in Genetic Diversity

This video explores transposons, commonly referred to as "jumping genes," and their significant function in genetics. It covers the mechanisms of retrotransposons, which utilize an RNA intermediate and reverse transcriptase enzyme to replicate, and examines the various forms of repetitive DNA, including satellite, minisatellite, and microsatellite DNA. Furthermore, it discusses gene amplification, multigene families, and the implications of repetitive DNA in genetic disorders, cell differentiation, and evolution. Review questions included provide a deeper understanding of these concepts.

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Understanding Transposons: The Jumping Genes and Their Role in Genetic Diversity

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Presentation Transcript

  1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO1GiRKmEqs

  2. Transposons “Jumping genes” • Function • Other proteins • 10% Retrotransposons • RNA Intermediate • DNA • Reverse transcriptase enzyme

  3. Repetitive DNA Nucleotide Sequence • Tandemly repetitive DNA – • 10-15% • short • Satellite DNA • Genetic disorders (triplets) • Interspersed repetitive DNA – • 25-40% • Long • Scattered • Similar • 10-1 million • Alu Elements • Regular Satellite DNA – • 10,000-1 million times • Telomeres and centromeres • Minisatellite DNA – • 10-10,000 times • Microsatellite DNA – • Fingerprints • 1-10 times

  4. Gene Amplification Selective replication Cancer cells Example: Developing ovum More ribosomes Later broken down Also selective loss of genes • Insects

  5. Multigene Family Collection of similar genes • Repetitive DNA • Example: hemoglobin • Pseudogenes

  6. Immunoglobulin Genes • Cell differentiation • identify viruses and bacteria • Many rearragnements • Binds to epitope on antigen

  7. 5 Words of Review • Enzymes (genes and coding) • Dehydration Synthesis (retrotransposons) • Disulfide Bridges (antibody molecules) • Evolution (multigene families) • Photorespiration (useless like pseudogenes)

  8. Review Questions • What are the two types of repetitive DNA and what is the difference between the two? • What is the purpose of gene amplification and one example? • What is a multigene family? • What causes multigene families?

  9. Review Questions • What is the basic structure of immunoglobulin genes? • What is done to the gene that specifies it as an immunoglobin gene? • How can transposons change the function of different genes? • What is a sequence of DNA that seems to code for a protein but is lacking something that causes that certain gene to be expressed?

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