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Overview of the production cycle for bivalve culture

oysters. clams. scallops. mussels. Overview of the production cycle for bivalve culture. Marc Ouellette Aquaculture and Coastal Ecosystem Section Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada. Eastern Canada : unique ecosystems (& geopolitical). Newfoundland. Québec. St. Lawrence River.

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Overview of the production cycle for bivalve culture

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  1. oysters clams scallops mussels Overview of the production cycle for bivalve culture Marc Ouellette Aquaculture and Coastal Ecosystem Section Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada

  2. Eastern Canada: unique ecosystems(& geopolitical) Newfoundland Québec St. Lawrence River Gaspésie (QU) IM (QU) Saint-Pierre et Miquelon (France) sGSL Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Atlantic Ocean Nova Scotia Bay of Fundy Maine (US)

  3. “extreme environmental conditions” Eastern Canada: unique ecosystems

  4. Fisheries & Aquaculture (potential) Soft-shell clam Mya arenaria Bar clamSpisula solidissima Northern quahaugMercenaria mercenaria Blue mussel Mytilus edulis American oyster Crassostrea virginica Traditional Fisheries Aquaculture (non-indigenous species) Stimpson’s surf clamSpisula polynima Razor clam Ensis directus Ocean quahaugArctica islandica Bay scallop Argopecten irradians Giant scallopPlacopecten magellanicus European “Belon” oyster Ostrea edulis Commercial species (bivalves) Aquaculture & Fisheries foundation “sea ranching”

  5. physicochemical characteristics optimal threshold (min.) threshold (max.) • temperature • salinity • oxygen • nutrients • pH • ... Shellfish aquaculture(biology & ecology 101) “productivity vs. survivorship” « filter-feeders » (Newell 2004)

  6. oyster (2-3 m) blue mussel (4-5 m) Shellfish aquaculture(coastal zone characteristics) • Site location: • water depth • currents, waves • ice • turbidity (sedimentation) • ... Orb View-2 (03-05-99)

  7. Shellfish aquaculture(techniques & husbandry) “spat collection” American oyster Blue mussel “fouling & predation control”

  8. aquatic environment (full exposure) Growth = T°, nutrients, food, predation & competition, water quality... Blue mussel Mytilus edulis Year 2 Year 1 Year 3 Year 4 American oyster Crassostrea virginica $ harvesting grow out spat collection Shellfish aquaculture(production cycle) Cost = equipment, labour, volume... “cocktail”

  9. Year 2 Year 2 Year 2 Year 1 Year 1 Year 1 Year 3 Year 3 Year 3 Year 4 Year 4 Year 4 $ $ $ harvesting harvesting harvesting spat collection spat collection spat collection grow out grow out grow out Shellfish aquaculture(production cycle) Laws of the market (time, quality, volume...)

  10. 12,000 16,000 Exploration Developement 14,000 10,000 mussels 12,000 8,000 10,000 Surface (acres) Production (t) Management 6,000 8,000 oyster 6,000 4,000 scallop 4,000 clams 2,000 2,000 0 0 2009 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Shellfish aquaculture (blue mussel industry) AIS

  11. Shellfish aquaculture(sustainability) spat ($) (++++) market ($$$$) - ($$$) = ($) + Time = - $ (+ cost & - volume) grow-out (1) harvest ($$) ($$$) grow-out (x)

  12. survivorship = fitness & size (predation) energy ($) = temperature + food versus productivity = growth, meat yield... « ground zero of the operation! » Shellfish aquaculture(strategies) monitoring & maintenance ($$) ($) ($$) Grow-out (water based): floating bags overwintering seeding Nursery(water based): Flupsy wild seed(spat collection) (+ / -) (++) (++) Harvesting ($$$) ($$$) ($$$$) Nursery(land based): raceway upweller / downweller Grow-out(land based): raceway upweller / downweller Hatchery seed (spat production) (+++) (++++) (+++)

  13. Production cycle -oyster & mussel Shellfish aquaculture(strategies) • Issues: • oysters (growth = 3-5 years) • mussels ($/lbs vs. costs) monitoring & maintenance ($$) ($) ($$) Grow-out (water based): floating bags overwintering seeding Nursery(water based): Flupsy wild seed(spat collection) (+ / -) (++) (++) Harvesting ($$$) ($$$) ($$$$) Nursery(land based): raceway upweller / downweller Grow-out(land based): raceway upweller / downweller Hatchery seed (spat production) (+++) (++++) (+++)

  14. (?) site specific Production cycle -clams (?) Shellfish aquaculture(strategies) “one size does not fit all!” monitoring & maintenance ($$) ($) ($$) Grow-out (water based): floating bags overwintering seeding Nursery(water based): Flupsy wild seed(spat collection) (+ / -) (++) (++) Harvesting ($$$) ($$$) ($$$$) Nursery(land based): raceway upweller / downweller Grow-out(land based): raceway upweller / downweller Hatchery seed (spat production) (+++) (++++) (+++)

  15. Shellfish aquaculture(R&D Funding) • Questions? • construction vs. improvement • improvement vs. technology transfer • technology transfer vs. innovation • innovation vs. research • applied vs. fundamental research • research vs. development • Phase I vs. Phase II vs. Phase III • ... spat (hatchery seed production) (++++) grow-out (1) harvest • Funding? • ACRDP • AIMAP • IRAP • ACOA • AIF • ... grow-out (x)

  16. Mercenaria mercenaria & notata « To hatch or not to hatch... that is the question! » Conclusion • Shellfish hatchery (pros & cons analysis) • seed production (alternative species) • broodstock development (established species) • American oyster (genetics) • growth vs. fitness • government vs. private vs. community owned and operated • risks assessment of relying on external sources (sustainability) • I&T issues, price fluctuation, supply reliability... • national (BC to Maritimes), international (US to Canada) • high tech vs. low tech • funding

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