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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT. How to evaluate „ greenness “?. To evaluate environmental impact of a process or product , unified methodology is needed All stages of product „ life “ need to be taken into acccount Raw materials extraction , transportation Production Transportation Use

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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

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  1. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

  2. Howtoevaluate „greenness“? Toevaluateenvironmentalimpact of a processorproduct, unifiedmethodologyisneeded All stages of product „life“ need tobetakenintoacccount Rawmaterialsextraction, transportation Production Transportation Use Reuse and recycling Disposal Respectiveenergyinputs Thiswillprovideknowledgewhetherimprovements are truly made
  3. Example: VOCs adsorption Usedtoremovevarious VOCs fromair (10 to 10 000 ppm and 1 to 1000 m3 h-1) Efficient Adsorbentgetsfilledwithpollutant Concentratedpollution Changeorregenerationneeded Change: filledadsorbentdisposal Regeneration: secondaryconcentratedpollutantstream
  4. Solution: Lifecycleassessment (LCA) Enablesthe evaluation of real environmental impact of the process Providesuniversal measurement criteria to evaluate specific impacts Identifieskey environmental impacts of various stages of production process Identificationof principle environmentally problematic issues allows better resource planning and optimisation Providesinformation for process/product design/redesign and decision making Identifiesinformation gaps Providesscientific data that can be used by enterprises for marketing schemes (environmental friendly-claims, etc.)
  5. LCA standartisedby ISO ISO14040 – LCA principles and framework (general principles and requirements for conducting LCA) ISO14041 – goal and scope and inventory analysis ISO14042 – life cycle impact assessment procedure ISO14043 – life cycle interpretation ISO14044 – requirements and guidelines ISO14045 – eco-efficiency assessment of product systems (principles, requirements, guidelines) ISO14046 – water footprint assessment ISO14047 – examples on ISO14044 applications ISO14048 – data documentation format ISO14049 – examples of ISO14044 applications on goal and scope definitions and inventory analysis
  6. Productlifecycle: cradletograve
  7. LCA step-by-step (1) Definingscopes and goals Intendedapplication Reasonsfor performing LCA Intendedaudience Publicityof the results What steps are included or excluded Processflow diagramme examination Flows Energyinputs and outputs Emissions Recyclingpossibilities Etc.
  8. LCA step-by-step (2) Collection of all possibleprocess-relateddata Calculations Datavalidation Refiningsystemboundaries Are availablecalculationssufficient? Iseverythingthatwe need included? Isthereunnecessaryinformationthatcanbeexcluded? Resultstobeinterpreted
  9. Phases of LCA Image: http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lcainfohub/lcaPage.vm
  10. Major environmentalimpactsanalysed Greenhousegas emissions Otheratmospheric emissions (toxics, carcinogens, etc.) Aquaticemissions (toxicity, eutrophication, acidification, etc.) Soil emissions Land use Ecotoxicity Ozone layer depletion Ionizingradiation Energyuse and sources
  11. Casestudy: lca of three lamp types (US DOE, 2012)
  12. Pre-requisites Three lamp typeschosen: Incandescentlamps (IND) Compactfluorescentlamps (CFL) Lightemissiondiodes (LED) Baseforcalculations: serviceprovidedby a single 60-W LED, i.e. 20 millionlumen-hours Number of lampsneededtosupply 20 millionlumen-hours: Image: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/2012_LED_Lifecycle_Report.pdf
  13. Major issues How high is the energy consumption at different life cycle phases of LED lamps? How comparable is it to the corresponding energy consumptions of IND and CFL lamps? What are the possible future changes for LED life-cycle energy consumption?
  14. Dataanalysed Productionphase Rawmaterialsaquisition Processing Productassembly Transportationphase Usagephase Energyconsumptioncalculatedfromtheassumedwatt and lumencharacteristics
  15. Globalwarmingpotential CO2isconsideredtobemaingreenhousegas Whatothergreenhousegasescanyouname? Whatabouttheirglobalwarmingpotential? CO2emissionscanbeconvertedintoenergyconsumption, and viceversa On producing 1 kW h of energy, 706 g of CO2 are emitted Major calculations are donebyrespectivesoftware
  16. LED lamp composition Source: Hendrickson et al., Environ. Res.Lett.5 (2010) 014016, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014016
  17. Comparison of LED with IND and CFL lamps Adoptedfrom: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/2012_LED_Lifecycle_Report.pdf
  18. Averageenergyconsumptionforproducinglampsproviding 20 millionlumen-hours Units – MJ per 20 millionlumen-hours Adoptedfrom: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/2012_LED_Lifecycle_Report.pdf
  19. Transportationanalysis (1) Considersenergyconsumption on transportationfrommanufacrturerstoretailers Storagefacilities are nottakenintoaccount: similarfordifferent lamp types Steps: locating the starting point, i.e. the manufacturer origin establish transport type and its load and space capacity total transportation energy per one lamp establishment recalculation to 20 million lumen-hour base
  20. Transportationanalysis (2) End point: retailersin Washington, DC IND, production: China and Nort-east US LampsfromChinashippedfromShanghaito Los Angeles (LA), deliveredto Washington bytruck LampsfromNort-eastern US deliveredto Washington bytruck CFL, production: China LampsdeliveredfromShanghaito Washington aspreviously LEDs: highlyfragmentedmarketoftendifferent parts produced and assembled at differentlocations Scenario 1: complete LED packagesproducedin Taiwan, shippedto LA, trucksto Washington Scenario 2: LEDs producedin Taiwan, deliveredtoSouth-east US, assembledintocompletepackages, deliveredto Washington bytrucks
  21. Transportationmeanscharacteristics Embodied energy is defined as the total energy consumption for the production of goods or services, considered as if consumed energy was incorporated (“embodied”) in the final product. Adoptedfrom: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/2012_LED_Lifecycle_Report.pdf
  22. Energyconsumption on transportation Adoptedfrom: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/2012_LED_Lifecycle_Report.pdf
  23. Energyconsumptionupon lamp use Adoptedfrom: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/2012_LED_Lifecycle_Report.pdf
  24. Totalenergyconsumption of different lamp types Adoptedfrom: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/2012_LED_Lifecycle_Report.pdf
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