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The Arab-Israeli Conflict

The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Modern World. Challenges in the Middle East. In Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Jordan and the countries of North Africa, most people are Arabs, speak Arabic, and follow the Sunni branch of Islam. In Iran, people speak Farsi and follow the Shi’ite branch of Islam.

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The Arab-Israeli Conflict

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  1. The Arab-Israeli Conflict Modern World

  2. Challenges in the Middle East • In Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Jordan and the countries of North Africa, most people are Arabs, speak Arabic, and follow the Sunni branch of Islam. • In Iran, people speak Farsi and follow the Shi’ite branch of Islam. • In Israel, most people are Jewish and speak Hebrew. • Some places are conservative monarchies, others are military dictatorships, and Israel is a democracy.

  3. The Arab-Israeli Conflict • In 1917, British government issued the Balfour Declaration that announced a homeland for Jewish people would be created in Palestine. • Many Arabs viewed Zionism, the migration of Jews to Palestine as European Imperialism. • Jews saw it as a return to their traditional homeland. • In 1948, Britain gave up control of Palestine and handed the problem of creating a Jewish homeland to the United Nations. • Jews were given the new State of Israel; Palestinian Arabs were given the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

  4. Israel Struggles to Survive • Israel’s War for Independence • In 1948, 5 neighboring Arab countries attacked Israel but were defeated. • As a result of the war, Jordan seized the West Bank, Egypt took the Gaza Strip, and Israel took slices from each of these territories

  5. Israel Struggles to Survive • The Suez Crisis of 1956 • Gamel Abdul Nasser of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and closed it to Israel. • Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt. • The US and USSR demanded they stop their invasion.

  6. Israel Struggles to Survive • Six Day War • In 1967 Israel defeated its enemies in only 6 days and acquired the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.

  7. Israel Struggles to Survive • Yom Kipper War (1973) • Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel on the Jewish Holiday of Yom Kippur and had early successes. • Israel again repelled Arab forces, keeping the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt.

  8. Israel Struggles to survive • OPEC and Oil as a Political Weapon • In the early 1970s, oil producing companies formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). • During the 1973 war with Israel, Arab OPEC members used oil as a “political weapon,” refusing to sell oil to countries friendly to Israel. • Higher oil prices greatly added to Arab oil-producing countries’ wealth and influence.

  9. Israel Struggles to survive • Camp David Accords (1978) • Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat and Israel’s Prime Minister Menachim Begin met with President Carter at Camp David. • They agreed that Israel should return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for peace. • Other Arab countries denounced the agreement and broke off diplomatic relations with Egypt.

  10. Israel and the Palestinians • The PLO • Many Palestinians fled Israel in the 1948 war. • In 1964, Palestinian Arabs form the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). • PLO leaders refused to recognize Israel and vowed to win back their homeland.

  11. Israel and the Palestinians • Use of Terrorism • In the 1960s and 1970s, the PLO used terrorism as a weapon. • Terrorism is the use of acts of violence against innocent civilians in order to make demands on a hostile government. • PLO terrorists hijacked planes, attacked an Israeli school, and murdered eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics in Munich.

  12. Israel and the Palestinians • War in Lebanon • The PLO first found a home in Jordan, but were later expelled and moved to Lebanon. • In 1975, civil war erupted in Lebanon between Lebanese Christians, Sunni Muslims, and Shi’ite Muslims. • In 1976, Syria invaded Lebanon. • In 1978 and again in 1982, the Israeli army entered Lebanon to destroy PLO camps.

  13. Israel and the Palestinians • Intifada (“Uprising”) • The West Bank and Gaza Strip had Palestinian populations. • In 1987, younger Palestinians who had grown up under Israeli occupation began a series of violent demonstrations. • Israel imposed new measure to contain the protests., but without much success. • Meanwhile, some Jews built their own settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, which was resented by Palestinians.

  14. Progress in Arab-Israeli Relations • Middle East Peace Conference. • In 1991, after winning the first Gulf War, the US pressured Arab and Israeli leaders to sit down at the Middle East Peace Conference. • Israel’s new Prime Minister, Yitzkah Rabin, entered into secret negotiations with PLO leader Yassir Arafat. • They reached an agreement in the Oslo Accords in 1993. • Israel promised to give Palestinians control of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank in exchange for the PLO’s recognition of Israel’s existence.

  15. Progress in Arab-Israeli Relations • The Second Intifada • Lack of progress led to another Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation in 2001. • Israel’s new Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon, attacked Arafat’s compound in response to repeated suicide bombings. • In 2002, Israel started building the West Bank Barrier, a high wall separating the West Bank from Israel. • Israel left its settlements in Gaza in 2005.

  16. Progress in Arab-Israeli Relations • Divisions Among the Palestinians • PLO leader Yassir Arafat died in 2004 leading a split between those that supported Fatah, Arafat’s party, and a more radical party, Hamas. • Israel considered Hamas a terrorist organization. • Hamas won elections in Palestine in 2006 and took over. • Fatah remained in power in the West Bank.

  17. Progress in Arab-Israeli Relations • New Attempts at Negotiations • In 2007, Israel’s Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas agreed to negotiate over issues still dividing Israelis and Palestinians, including the future control of Jerusalem, the existence of Jewish settlements in the West Bank, and the rights of Palestinian refugees who left Israel.

  18. Progress in Arab-Israeli Relations • Israel Strikes Against Hezbollah and Hamas • While Israelis negotiated with Fatah, they faced continuous attacks from Hezbollah activists in Lebanon and from Hamas in the Gaza Strip. • In 2006, Hezbollah fired rockets into Israel and kidnapped two Israeli soldiers. • Israel invaded Southern Lebanon to destroy Hezbollah military bases. • The UN passed a resolution to end the fighting a disarm Hezbollah. • Israel withdrew from Lebanon; Hezbollah refused to disarm. • 2008, Israel launched air strikes and sent ground troops into the Gaza Strip to stop rocket attacks on Israel.

  19. Notebook Assignment • Do you think peace between Arabs and Israelis in the next 20 years is achievable? Explain your answer.

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