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ENTERIC INFECTIONS OF RABBITS Prepared by Prof. Dr/ Wafaa Abd El- Ghany Prof. Poultry Dis.,

ENTERIC INFECTIONS OF RABBITS Prepared by Prof. Dr/ Wafaa Abd El- Ghany Prof. Poultry Dis., Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ. Salmonellosis. Etiology: Salmonella enterica serovars or Salmonella typhimurium which are Gram-negative aerobic, non-lactose fermenting, H2S producing rods .

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ENTERIC INFECTIONS OF RABBITS Prepared by Prof. Dr/ Wafaa Abd El- Ghany Prof. Poultry Dis.,

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  1. ENTERIC INFECTIONS OF RABBITS Prepared by Prof. Dr/ WafaaAbd El-Ghany Prof. Poultry Dis., Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.

  2. Salmonellosis Etiology: Salmonella entericaserovars or Salmonella typhimuriumwhich are Gram-negative aerobic, non-lactose fermenting, H2S producing rods. Transmission: 1. Ingestion of contaminated food and water. 2. Direct or indirect contact with contaminated feces, food or fomites. 3. Rodents, dogs and cats. Age of susceptibility: Any age (but severe signs in young)

  3. Salmonellosis Clinical Signs: Acute disease is characterized by: 1. Anorexia and depression 2. Fever 3. Dehydration 4. Severe yellowish diarrhea (sometimes hemorrhagic) 5. Abortions 6. High MR% especially in young. 6. Rabbits that recover from acute disease are asymptomatic shedders (carrier).

  4. Salmonellosis Post-mortem lesions: 1. Septicemia include congestion and diffuse petecheal hemorrhage all over the viscera. 2. Ulcerative colitis. 3. Focal necrosis of liver and spleen. 4. Swelling of the lymph nodes. 5. Suppurative meteritis.

  5. Salmonellosis Diagnosis: Definitive diagnosis is made by isolation of the bacteria through culture of blood, Intestine, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and feces on selective media (brilliant green, selenite, citrate, or tetrathionate) that give witish colonies (non-lactose fermenter).

  6. Salmonellosis Treatment: Since antibiotic therapy does not eliminate bacterial carriage, it is advisable to eliminate the infected animals and restock (zonootic disease). Control: 1. Disinfection of the hutches and utensils and destroy bedding. 2. Replacement with clean stock and prevention of wild bird or rodent contamination of bedding, water, or food should prevent future or continued problems.

  7. BASIC TREATMENT PROTOCOL • The infected animal should be kept in warm, clean and stress free surroundings. 2. Stimulate the normal gut motility: Meoclopramide (0.5mg/kg) up to 4 times/day stimulate the gastric empty and caecal motility. 3. Antibiotics

  8. BASIC TREATMENT PROTOCOL 4. Probiotics: Containing lactobacilli that colonize the caecum and prevent the colonization of harmful bacteria. 5. Diet: Increase the fiber content 6. Kaolin: Kaolin-pectin mixture orally help in binding up the liquid faeces.

  9. ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WEANED RABBITS Etiology: Escherichia coli is a gram-negative, lactose-fermenting, indol positive rod. Rabbits are known to be affected by toxin producing, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Different pathogenic seroypes and biotypes of E. coli infect rabbits (O15:H, O103, O109 and O132).

  10. ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WEANED RABBITS Mode of infection and transmission: 1. Ingestion of contaminated feed and water. 2. Direct and indirect contact. Age of Susceptibility: 4-8 weeks old.

  11. ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WEANED RABBITS Pathogenesis: In suckling rabbits, the pH of the stomach is between 3-6.5, whereas in weaned animal it becomes 1-2. In the 1st 21 days of age, the rabbit protected by an antimicrobial fatty acids produced by the gastric lining in addition to the milk which control the GIT microflora.

  12. ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WEANED RABBITS After 21 days, these protective microflora decrease and replaced by large no. of harmful bacteria. Due o high pH of the stomach, these harmful bacteria pass through the caecum and small intestine cause enteritis. In addition, feeding on large amount of high energy food encouraged multiplication of harmful bacteria (esp. clostridia).

  13. ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WEANED RABBITS Clinical Signs: 1. Profuse watery diarrhea. 2. Fever and the animal may consume more water than usual. 3. Anorexia. 4. Dehydration. 5. Rough hair coat. 6. Mortality rate varied from 50-100%. 7. Recovered rabbits showed growth retardation.

  14. ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WEANED RABBITS Post-mortem lesions: The lesions are limited to the caecum and large intestine. 1. The contents of the intestine are watery or mucoid, foul smelling, light brown to blood tinged. Sometimes the intestine distended with gases. 2. The caecal wall may slightly or severely inflammed. 3. Longitudinal hemorrhages may be seen on the outer wall of the caecum (paintbrush) type of bleeding.

  15. ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WEANED RABBITS Diagnosis: 1. Signs and lesions. 2. Isolation from the intestine or intestinal contents and liver on MaConkey agar (lactose fermenter pink colonies). 3. Identification (biotyping and serotyping) of the causative agent. Differential diagnosis: Enterotoxaemia. Tyzzer’s disease. Coccidiosis. Mucoid enteropathy.

  16. ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WEANED RABBITS Treatment: • Probiotics containing lactobacillus or enterococcusmicroflora. • Broad spectrum antibiotics (acc. To the antibiogram results), enrofloxacin and neomycin was found to be effective. • Decrease the pellet ration and replaced by good quality hay. • Water should be available at all times.

  17. ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WEANED RABBITS Prevention: 1. Plenty of fibers (hay) should be available. 2. The concentrated ration should be given slowly. 3. Avoid all stressors especially overcrowding. 4. Avoid concurrent infection with coccidia.

  18. Clostridial enterotoxaemia Etiology: Clostridial species, principally C. difficile and C. spiroforme, proliferate and produce toxins to induce this disease. This disease affects all ages, but primarily targets recently weaned rabbits.

  19. Clostridial enterotoxaemia Predisposing causes: 1. A history of antibiotic therapy with broad spectrum antibiotics including oral ampicillin, clindamycin or lincomycin alter the normal balance of flora. 2. Diets high in carbohydrates enhance the overgrowth of Clostridium species due to increasing of the caecal acidity. 3. Low fiber content of the ration leading to decrease in fatty acids and increase pH that unbalance the flora.

  20. Clostridial enterotoxaemia 4. Excess dietary protein will lead to ammonia production in the caecum which destabilize the caecal flora. 5. Stressors like weaning, change in the environment, hypothermia will lead to increase the adrenaline level and reduce the gut motility which enhance growth of clostridia. 6. Poor sanitation.

  21. Clostridial enterotoxaemia Clinical Signs: 1. Sudden death with no previous signs of illness or 2. Brownish watery diarrhea may contain blood or mucous 2 to 3 days prior to death are the usual signs. 3. Anorexia, hypothermia, bloat before death.

  22. Clostridial enterotoxaemia

  23. Clostridial enterotoxaemia Post-mortem lesions: 1. Large, fluid-filled edematous cecum with serosal congestion and hemorrhage. 2. Watery mucoid feces in the colon.

  24. Clostridial enterotoxaemia Diagnosis: 1. Diagnosis is achieved by the history of antibiotic treatment or environmental/dietary stressors, and 2. Isolation or PCR amplification of Clostridium species from cecal contents. 3. An antigen capture ELISA is available for cytotoxins A and B 4. C.difficile.C.spiroforme may be seen as a spiral bacillus on a direct smear.

  25. Clostridial enterotoxaemia Treatment: Due to the acute course of the disease, there is usually no treatment. 1. Probiotics. 2. Vit. C (ascorbic acid) (50-100mg/kg twice a day) may inhibit toxin production. 3. Eliminate extreme dietary changes and minimize environmental stressors (avoid the predisposing factors).

  26. Clostridial enterotoxaemia Prevention: 1. Do not use lincomycin or clindamycin in rabbits. 2.

  27. Thank You & Good Luck

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