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World History: The Earth and its Peoples

World History: The Earth and its Peoples. Chapter 23 Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890. Objectives. Understand the causes of the revolutions for independence in Latin America.

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World History: The Earth and its Peoples

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  1. World History:The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 23 Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890

  2. Objectives • Understand the causes of the revolutions for independence in Latin America. • Be able to describe the political challenges that Western Hemisphere nations face in the nineteenth century . • Describe how abolitionism, the movement for women’s rights, and immigration change the nations of the Western Hemisphere. • Understand how industrialization and new agricultural technologies affect the environment.

  3. Latin American Independence Roots of Revolution • unhappy elites • landowning creoles • high taxes • high govt. / church positions • Enlightenment ideas • Napoleon’s invasions • Portugal – 1807 • King John VI • Spain – 1808 • King Ferdinand VII • Junta Central • sense of nationalism • 1808-1809 local juntas • 1810 efforts

  4. Latin American Independence Venezuela – (Caracas) 1811-1824 • landowning creoles • Opposition to emancipation • Remove Spanish influence • Simon Bolivar – 1783-1830 • English education, personality • Keys to Victory • English vets, military revolt • Gran Columbia • Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador Argentina (Buenos Aires) - 1810 • loyalty to King Ferdinand VII • Chaos until 1817 • Jose de San Martin • Former slaves and gauchos • Bolivar defeats loyalists in 1824

  5. Latin American Independence Mexico – 1810-1823 • richest colony • Viceroy overthrown • conservative Spaniards • rule by brute force • Sept. 16, 1810 • Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla • Catholic priest • peasant uprising • elite response • Jose Maria Morelos • defeated in 1815 • 1820 military revolt • Monarchy • Agustin de Iturbide

  6. Latin American Independence Brazil • King John VI – 1808-1821 • Spanish uprising forces hand • leaves son as regent • rising tide of nationalism • Pedro I – 1821-1831 • 1822 constitutional monarchy • “cancer eating away at Brazil” • revolutionary costs • 1831 abdication • Pedro II • 5-year old son • emperor of Brazil in 1840 • rules until 1889

  7. Latin American Independence Constitutional Experiments • U.S. Articles of Confederation • 11781-1787 • British Canada • Confederation of 1867 • “birthday of a new nationality” • regional provincial rule • Latin American Efforts • Venezuela and Chile • 9 between 1811-1833 • Mexico and Brazil • limited constitutional monarchies Inherent Problems • lack of experience in constitutional government • political role of Catholic Church • limiting power of military Outcome: rise of populist leaders

  8. The Problem of Order Personalist leaders (caudillos) • patriot military leaders • mobilize and direct masses • challenge constitutional limits • Andrew Jackson – (1828-1836) • Battle of New Orleans – 1815 • Florida seizure - 1818 • Jose Antonio Paez • Venezuela – (1829-1847) • independence from Gran Columbia • Commonalities • common man & elite interests • regional / ‘nation’ interests

  9. The Problem of Order Regionalism • South America • Gran Columbia & La Plata • North America • Senate • Northern / Southern interests • slavery (Ex: Louisiana – 1803) • Civil War • 75 years of establishment War • French / Mexican War – 1862-67 • conservatives vs. liberals • Maximilian vs. Benito Juarez • Mexico vs United States • 1835 Texan rebellion • 1845 Mexican-American War • Texas, N.M., Arizona, California

  10. Economic and Social Change Natives • independence opens ‘frontiers’ • less able to maintain peace • United States • Tecumseh – 1811 • Amerindian alliance • War of 1812 • Indian Removal Act – 1830 • Trail of Tears • Plains Indians / Argentina -Chile • effect of firearms • buffalo and cattle • Civil War • elimination of the buffalo • advent of railroad • Yucatan • Caste War – 1847 • 1880s

  11. Economic and Social Change Slavery • abolitionists • most slavery gone after independence • United States • women/ free African-Americans • Harriet Beecher-Stowe • Frederick Douglass • north versus south issue • Brazil • slavery until 1888 • Paraguayan War – 1865-70 • slaves join Brazilian army • Cuba • anti-independence/ fear revolts • decline in sugar profitability – 1800 • British naval pressure

  12. Economic and Social Change Immigration • 1500-1760: slaves 2:1 ratio • immigration = rapid growth • 1870s shift • west to east • hostilities • nativism • “desirables” and “undesirables” • Asian • U.S. Exclusion Act – 1882 • Canadian “head tax” • acculturation • school assimilation • patriotism and nationalism

  13. Nativism

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