Unification of Germany

1. Unification of Germany • Brief history of Prussia: • Ruling family = Hohenzollerns • Territory included many small “states”, including German-speaking states of Brandenburg and Prussia • Prussia is the largest state with the most # of Germans

4. Unification of Germany • Otto von Bismarck • Chancellor of Prussia  highest officer to the king • Credited for unifying German-speaking people into the German Empire • Based his actions on Realpolitik  making realistic political actions based on the needs of the state

5. Unification of Germany Focused on building up Prussia’s military Engaged in wars with neighboring countries, annexing territories But was von Bismarck really a nationalist? Eh… not really. Duty to the Hohenzollerns’s

6. Unification of Germany • So… if Bismarck wasn’t really acting out of nationalist motives, why do we consider the unification of Germany when we are examining nationalism?

7. Unification of Germany • There was a large population of German-speaking people that shared German culture who wanted to unite with others to form one country. • Series of successful military campaigns bringing German princes together

8. German Military Success • German Confederation  loose confederation of 39 states, including Prussia and Austria • Prussia and Austria were each nervous that the other would end up overtaking the German Confederation.

9. German Military Success • Prussia and Austria team up to take over Danish provinces (Holstein and Schleswig)  1864 • Austro-Prussian War  1866 • Prussia becomes leader among German Confederation, essentially removing Austria from the picture • Franco-Prussian War  1870 • Bismarck makes it look like a “defense of Germany” war to gain supporters in the German Confederation

10. German Military Success • Because of: • Common history, culture, religion, language… • Military successes across Europe… The German Empire, 1871

11. Von Bismarck’s Campaigns Industry Military Religious Economic

12. Industry • How did Germany become a major industrial competitor for Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution? • Iron and coal resources • Large educated middle class • Growing population = large workforce • Early investments in railroads, steel

13. Military • Why was Von Bismarck known as the “Iron Chancellor”? What does this say about his military tactics? • Foreign policy • Keep France weak and isolated - why? • Keep strong ties with Austria and Russia - why? • Domestic policy • Promote nationalist sentiments by trying to eliminate other loyalties (Pope, local leaders, etc.)

14. Religious • What was the goal of Kulturkampf? • “Kulturkampf” = “battle for civilization” = Bismarck’s campaign to shift German Catholics’ loyalties away from the pope and towards the Kaiser. • Bismarck wanted to eliminate Catholic power in Germany… but it backfired • Too much religious loyalty

15. Economics • Socialism! • Marx was German… remember?! • Lots of supporters - the working class • Bismarck tries to disband Social Democratic party • But workers unify and revolt

16. Economics • How does Bismarck respond to the workers’ continued unity under socialism? • Social reforms • Health insurance • Accident insurance • Retirement benefits • What does this show the world? • Workers’ conditions can be improved without a violent uprising!

17. A Confident New Kaiser • 1888 – William II succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser. • William II was supremely confident of his abilities and wish to put his own stamp on Germany. • 1890- He shocked Europe by asking the dominating Bismarck to resign. • He believed that there was only one master, and it was him, not Bismarck.

18. A Confident New Kaiser continued… • Like his grandfather, William II lavished funds on the German military machine, already the most powerful in Europe. • He launched an ambitious campaign to expand the German navy and win an overseas empire to rival those of Britain and France. • You will see in later chapters how William’s nationalism and aggressive military stance helped increase tensions on the eve of World War I

19. Why was Otto Von Bismarck known as the iron chancellor? • Why did Germany unify so easily?

20. Unifying Italy

21. The Italian Peninsula • For centuries, Italy had been a battleground for ambitious foreign and local princes. • Frequent warfare and foreign rule had led people to identify with local regions. • The people of Florence considered themselves Tuscans, those of Venice Venetians, the people of Naples Neapolitans, and so on

23. The Italian Peninsula continued… • As in Germany, the invasions of Napoleon had sparked dreams of national unity. • Austria took control of much of northern Italy, while Hapsburg monarchs ruled various other Italian states. • In the south, a French Bourbon ruler was put in charge of Naples and Sicily. • Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across the region.

24. Mazzini’s Young Italy • In the 1830s, the nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy. • Goal of this secret society was “to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation.” • His efforts were stopped by Austria and France, and like many other nationalists, Mazzini spent much of his life in exile, plotting and dreaming of a united Italy.

25. Young Italy was a movement founded by Giuseppe Mazziniin 1831 with the aim of unifying Italy as a republic. The movement attracted many Italians with its idea of independence and it played an important role in the Risurgimento. Unione = Unite Forza = “Inner Strength” Liberta = Liberty

26. The Tide of Nationalism • “Ideas grow quickly,” Mazzini once said, “when watered by the blood of martyrs.” • To nationalists like Mazzini, a united Italy made sense not only because of geography but because of a common language and shared traditions. • They reminded Italians of the glories of ancient Rome and the medieval papacy. • Unity made practical economic sense… it would end trade barriers between the various Italian states, encourage railroad building, and stimulate industry.

27. The Struggle for Italy • After 1848, leadership of the Risorgimento, or Italian nationalist movement, passed to the small kingdom of Sardinia. • Its constitutional monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, hoped join other states to his own.

29. The Struggle for Italy continued… • Victor Emmanuel appointed Count Camillo Cavour as his prime minister. • Like Bismarck in Prussia, Cavour believed in Realpolitik. • 1858 – Cavour negotiated a secret deal with Napoleon, who promised to aid Sardinia in case it faced a war with Austria. Cavour provoked a war with Austria, and now with the French help, Sardinia defeated Austria and reclaimed land.

30. Garibaldi's Red Shirts • Like Mazzini, Garibaldi wanted to create an Italian republic. • He accepted aid from Cavour. • 1860- Garibaldi had recruited a force of 1,000 red-shirted volunteers, and Cavour provided weapons and two ships in order to win control of Sicily.

31. Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

33. Unity at Last • Garibaldi’s success alarmed Cavour, who feared the nationalist hero would set up a republic in the south. • To prevent this, Cavour sent Sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi. • In a patriotic move, Garibaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel. • In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of Italy.

34. Trails of the New Nation • Young Italy faced a host of problems. • Most Italians felt stronger ties to local areas than to the new nation. • Regional disputes left Italy unable to solve critical national issues…

35. Divisions • The greatest regional difference were the Italians in the north and those in the south. • The north was richer and had more cities than the south • Northern cities flourished as centers of business and culture • The south was rural and poor

37. Divisions continued… • Hostility between the state and the Roman Catholic Church further divided Italy. • Popes bitterly resented the seizure of the Papal States and of Rome. • Popes saw themselves as “prisoners” and urged Italian Catholics not to cooperate with their new government.

38. Turmoil • Late 1800s – unrest increased as radicals on the left struggled against a conservative government. • Socialists organized strikes while anarchists, people who want to abolish all government, turned to sabotage and violence. • Slowly, the government extended suffrage to more men and passed laws to improve social conditions.

39. Who are the following people and how did they help unite Italy? • Victor Emmanuel • Count Camillo Cavour • Giuseppe Mazzini • Giuseppe Garibaldi

40. Unification of Germany • Social reforms such as health care, retirement, insurance, proper pay. • Now they have a large population which equals a large work force • Large work force is able to stimulate the industrial growth • Germany industrializes and is able to compete with Britain • Now that the country is one, they have access to more resources such as coal

41. Unification of Italy • Ended trade barriers • Stimulated industrial growth • Encouraged railroad building • Overthrew colonial rule • Turmoil among the nations • North and south – divided rich and poor

42. Germany & Italy • Ended colonial rule • Both were motivated by enlightenment ideas • Ended trade barriers • Stimulated industry • We start to see more rights for the people (social reforms)