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Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity – Protists Diversity

Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity – Protists Diversity. Euglenids. Euglenozoa. Rodophyta – Red Algae Oomycetes – water molds Chlorophyta - Green Algae Bacillariorophyta - Diatoms Phaeophyta– Brown Algae. Kinetoplastids. Oomycetes. Need to Know these:.

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Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity – Protists Diversity

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  1. Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity – Protists Diversity

  2. Euglenids Euglenozoa Rodophyta – Red Algae Oomycetes – water molds Chlorophyta - Green Algae Bacillariorophyta - Diatoms Phaeophyta– Brown Algae Kinetoplastids Oomycetes Need to Know these:

  3. Nucleus (Eukaryotic) Membrane-bound organelles Ribosomes (80s) Unicellular, Colonial, and Multicellular types Four Supergroups: ____________ SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria) Archaeplastida(includes land plants) Unikonta(includes animals and fungi) Characteristics

  4. ex. Giardia “excavated” groove on one side of the body (lack plastids, lack DNA in mitochondria, two _______ nuclei, flagella, simple cytoskeleton) Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Diplomonads

  5. ex. Trichimonas (Causes Trichomoniasis) “excavated” groove on one side of the body (lack plastids, lack DNA in mitochondria, _____________________) Supergroup: ExcavataClade: Parabaslids

  6. Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Euglenozoa “excavated” groove on one side of the body • Move by _______ with spiral or crystalline rod • 2 Groups: • Euglenids • Kinetoplastids flagella

  7. Supergroup: Excavata Clade: EuglenozoaGroup: Euglenids

  8. Supergroup: Excavata Clade: EuglenozoaGroup: Kinetoplastids ex. ___________ (single large mitochondria with kinetoplast - organized mass of DNA) Trypanosomabrucei(African Sleeping Sickness) Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease)

  9. Supergroup: SARClade: Alveolata • Supergroup Char: DNA • Clade characteristics: Contain Alveoli (membrane-bounded sacs) beneath their cell surface • 3 Groups: • Dinoflagellates • Apicomplexans • Ciliates

  10. Supergroup: SARClade: Alveolata Group: _____________ (2 flagella located within a groove, xanthophyll)

  11. Supergroup: SARClade: Alveolata group: Apicomplexans ex. __________ (parasitic, apical structure) Cause of Malaria

  12. Supergroup: SARClade: AlveolataGroup: Ciliates (have Cilia used for movement)

  13. Supergroup: SARClade: _____________ • Supergroup Char: DNA • Clade characteristics: Have hair-like projections on flagella • Four Groups: • Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) • Golden Algae (Chrysophyta) • Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) • Water Mold (Oomycetes) You should know both sets of words

  14. Supergroup: SARClade: StramenopilesGroups: Diatoms Silica

  15. Supergroup: SARClade: StramenopilesGroups: Golden Algae (Chrysophyta) cell wall: ________ pigments: carotene, xanthophyll

  16. Supergroup: SARClade: StramenopilesGroups: Brown Algae

  17. Supergroup: SARClade: StramenopilesGroups: Water Molds (Oomycetes) pigments:none cell wall: cellulose, coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae Irish Potato Famine, French Wine Crisis (1800’s)

  18. SAR (Rhizaria) • Thin pseudopodia Used for movement and feeding • Groups: • Cercozoans • Foraminiferans • Radiolarians

  19. Supergroup: SARGroup: Cercozoans Plastids surrounded by four membranes (secondary endosymbiosis). Sausage Shaped______________ chromatophore

  20. Supergroup: SAR (Rhizaria)Group: Foraminiferans (Forams) porous shells – made of ____________

  21. Supergroup: SAR (Rhizaria)Group: Radiolarians

  22. Ancient protists that engulfed a cyanobacterium Three Groups: Red Algae (Rodophyta) Green Algae (Chlorophyta) Land Plants Supergroup: Archaeplastida

  23. Supergroup: ArchaeplastidaGroup: Rhodophyta (Red) • Red Algae • Phycoerythrin • _______

  24. Supergroup: ArchaeplastidaGroup: Chlorophyta(& Charophytes)

  25. Supergroup: Unikonta • Very Diverse Group • Molecular Systematics links groups (but highly debatable) • Two Clades: • Amoebozoans • Opisthokonts

  26. Supergroup: UnikontaClade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas • Many With Lobe or tube shaped _____________

  27. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: AmoebozoansGroup:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas • Produce fruiting body that aids in spore dispersal • Plasmoidial – NOT ________________ • From a plasmodium (feeding stage) single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei • diploid

  28. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: AmoebozoansGroup:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas • Produce fruiting body that aids in spore dispersal • ___________ • (feed like individual amoebas) • aggregate to breed or during stress Haploid Organisms

  29. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime MoldsGroup:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas

  30. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:GymnamoebasGroup:Entamoebas Most are parastic amoebas Entamoeba histolytica 3rd eukaryotic after Malaria and Schistosomiasis

  31. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Group:Nucleariids Group:Choanoflagellates Very Diverse Group: Nucleariids = most closely related to Fungi Choanoflagellates = most closely related to animals

  32. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: OpisthokontsGroup:Nucleariids

  33. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: OpisthokontsGroup:Choanoflagellates • Similar in morphology and DNA to animals

  34. Domain: Archaea • Group: Methanogens • methane releasing • Group: Halophiles • lives in high salt areas • Group: Thermophiles • lives in extreme temperatures

  35. Viruses

  36. b

  37. Virus Structure

  38. Virus Structure • Capsid – Protein coat covering virus; present in all viruses. Capsids are made from protein subunits called capsomeres. • __________ – Layer of fat surrounding capsid; present in some viruses but not all.

  39. Viral Replication • Only reproduce when they enter a host cell • They lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis and simple metabolism

  40. Viral Genome Structure • dsDNA • ssDNA • dsRNA • ssRNA • Serve as mRNA • Serve as template for mRNA • Serve as template for DNA (retro) Bullet shaped envelope

  41. HIV (a retrovirus) • Viruses that causes AIDS • Peters Duesberg

  42. ______ Polio • ss RNA that can serve as mRNA • Can cause paralysis in motor neurons • Transmitted through fecal contaminated food/water • Worse in intermediately clean cities • Salk vaccine, 1954

  43. Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver • At least 5 different types of the virus • Hep A– ss RNA, no envelope; fecal-oral • Hep C– ss RNA with envelope; sexually transmitted/ blood

  44. __________ Rabies Virus • Bullet Shaped Envelope (ss RNA) • Long incubation period • Almost always fatal if unvaccinated. • Werewolves, Vampires • Zoonosis • Host Range

  45. Flu • Influenza, commonly known as the flu • Symptoms include fever, sore throat, myalgia, coughing, weakness • Many Epidemic/ • Pandemic Episodes (1918-1919) 20-100 million died; Spanish Flu

  46. Prions • Infectious Protein Particles • Examples: • Mad Cow Disease • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease • Kuru (Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea) • Fatal Familial Insomnia (you don’t have it!)

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