The Renaissance

1. The Renaissance Chapter 10

2. I. Introduction • Rinascimento- The Rebirth • Spanned from the late 1300’s to late 1600’s • The Renaissance more or less began in Italy • Spanned approximately between 1375-1527 • Due to strategic placement on trade routes • The arts were funded by wealthy patrons • De’ Medici Family

3. I. Introduction • The Renaissance was a revival of the arts, classical literature and a focus on the humanities. • Humanities- study of the classics, language, philosophy, law, visual arts and the performing arts • The Renaissance Man- well rounded and knowledgeable in humanities and science • Leonardo Da Vinci was a prime example

4. II. The Arts

5. II. The Arts The Crucifixion with Saints Clare and Francis of Assisi, ca. 1320 • Medieval art • 1 dimensional • Stiff, unrealistic • Lack of depth • Gold illumination (to represent heaven) • Predominantly religious focus

6. II. The Arts Marriage at Cana • Giotto (1266-1336) • Father of Renaissance painting • Worked on realism with depth • Chiaroscuro • Light-dark • Gave depth to painting

7. II. The Arts • Donatello (1386-1466) • first great master of Renaissance sculpture • David – first free standing nude since antiquity • First step in direction of Renaissance imitation of Classical style

8. II. The Arts • Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) • Painter, Scientist/Engineer & inventor • Genius with a very short attention span • Had numerous inventions • Weapons, vehicles, aircraft • Study anatomy and created detailed sketches

9. II. The Arts • MichaelangeloBuonarroti (1475 –1564) • Sculptor and painter • Designed the Pope’s bodyguard’s uniforms • One of the most famous artist

10. II. The Arts School of Athens • Raphael (1483 –1520) • Painter and Architect

11. II. The Arts • Northern European Art • Differing style than Italy • Colors and overall style • Jan van Eyck (1395-1441) • Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)

12. II. The Arts • Jan van Eyck • Flemish painter • Very detailed (single hair brushes)

13. II. The Arts • Albrecht Durer • German • Painter, printmaker, engraver and mathematician

14. III. Political Change • Italy Declines (1497-1527) • Italy consisted of independent city-states • Eventually gained territory • Usually joined forces against invaders (Turks) • Divided • Milan, Naples and Florence vs. Venice and Papal States • Peace with Treaty of Lodi but ended due to Ludovicoil Moro (Milan) • Other states allied against Ludovico • Ludovico asked for French help (Naples) • France becomes threat • Charles VIII marched through Italy- upset balance

15. III. Political Change • Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) • Political Theorist • The Prince • Satirical? • End justifies means • Patriotism

16. III. Political Change • Monarchies • Rise of merchant classes and wealthy cities/towns • More united states rather than feudalism • Stability important to business • Pushed nobility from traditional roles • Conflict between nobility and monarchs • Nobles did not want to pay tax • Tax on lower classes • Gabelle- salt tax (France) • Alcabala- 10% sales tax (Spain)

17. III. Political Change • France • Charles VII (r.1422-1461) • Successfully utilized administrative servants • Professional army (Joan of Arc) • Expanded territory- 100 Years’ War on • Conquered Burgundy • France became a major world power • Fell apart by the mid 1500’s

18. III. Political Change • Spain • Very divided until the marriage of Isabella of Castile (r. 1474-1516) and Ferdinand of Aragon (r. 1479-1516) • Son Charles I united Spain • Reconquista- taking back Spanish land from Muslims and Jews- Exiled • Spanish Inquisition (1480-1834)- hunted heretics- slowed reformation in Spain • Christopher Columbus- Brought a lot of wealth to Spain- started colonialism

19. III. Political Change • England • War of the Roses (1455-1485) • Between the Lancaster (Red) and the Yorks (White) • Over Succession of the throne • Ended with Henry Tudor (Henry VII-Lancaster) • Used the courts to his advantage • Used laws to take noble land and did not have to request money from parliament

20. III. Political Changes • Holy Roman Empire • Neither Holy nor Roman • Germanic • Very divided into cities and territories • Charles IV and territorial leaders agreed on the Golden Bull • 7 member electoral college to elect new emperors • Offered some stability but only limited unity

21. IV. Education/Reforms • Johannes Gutenburg • Printing Press(1440) • Used moveable type • First work printed was Bible • Allowed people to read the Bible and discuss it rather than blindly follow the church • Increase in the focus of literacy • Allowed knowledge to be more readily

22. IV. Education/Reforms • Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) • Dutch Priest • Supported himself through tutoring • Colloquies- Latin dialogues to teach Latin and ways to live well • Adages- Proverbs • Where there is smoke, there is fire • Made use of printing press to spread his reforms • Spoke out against Church’s vain ceremonies and bullying

23. IV. Education/Reforms • Erasmus continued… • Study of Classics and Bible • True forms • Translated New Testament in Latin and had it parallel to original Greek • Used by Martin Luther to translate Bible into German • All of his works have been banned by the Catholic Church

24. V. European Exploration • Europeans saw the luxury goods of Asia as a result of Crusades • Lacked high valued goods to trade • Had to pay in gold • Colonialism • Needed gold to pay for luxury goods • Looked for ways to the Indies to cut out Muslim middle- man and their Venetian trading partners

25. V. European Exploration • Exploration and Colonialism • Needed gold for luxury goods • Had to go look for it • Were afraid of Muslims who controlled trade routes • Looked for alternative routes to the Indies • Vasco Da Gama- 1st European to reach India by sea • Henry the Navigator- sponsored 1/3 of Portugal’s voyages • Columbus- “discovered” new world due to miscalculating the circumference of the world

26. V. European Exploration • Initial exploration dominated by Portuguese • Mostly began with Prince Henry the Navigator • Captured Cueta- For wealth and for “religion” • Progress in Africa continued and resulted in Slave Trade • African Tribes would sell captured members of other tribes • Da Gama found a path around Africa to India (1499) • Gave Portugal control of Oceanic trade with India

27. V. European Exploration • Spain • Was missing out on trade with India • Due to Portugal’s control of trade around Africa • Columbus told Isabella and Ferdinand that he could get to India by going West • Maps of the World’s were very inaccurate • Landed in the Caribbean rather than India • Started Spanish domination of South and Central Americas

28. V. European Exploration • Spain Continued • Explorers and the Conquistadores virtually wiped out most of the native people • Started to exploit the land and surviving people • Haciendas- large Spanish farms • Encomienda- grants to create plantations using a specific number of slaves for labor (Natives) • Later brought Africans

29. V. European Exploration • Impact on Europe • Initially brought prosperity but… • Lots of projects and innovations • Large shipments of goods and bullion resulted in excessive inflation • Wages remained the same • Monopolies formed

30. VI. Conclusion What were some of the far reaching problems that resulted from European exploration? How did the Renaissance lead to Europe regaining its power and prosperity?