Totalitarian Regimes (10.7.3)

1. Ms. McIlroy MWH March 14, 2011 Totalitarian Regimes (10.7.3)

2. Do Now/HW Check • HW Check: Eqs (Unit 7) • HW: • Finish Leaflet • Rd. Chapter 9, Section 3 (notes + EQ) • Goals: • IWBAT compare/contrast the totalitarian regimes of Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin. • IWBAT trace the rise of Hitler and Nazi Party. • Agenda: • Do Now/HW Check • Quiz • Notes/Reading/Notes (Hitler and Mussolini) • Leaflet! • Exit Slip

3. Life after WWI • Problems of the League of Nations: • U.S. doesn’t join the League of Nations (isolationist) • League would not agree to use force against nations that violated international law • Problems in Europe: • Germany forced to pay 33 billion • Simply print more money (causes inflation)

4. Treaty of Versailles European alliances on the eve of World War I Europe after World War I After World War I, the need for security on the continent led France to support a buffer zone of new nations between Russia and Germany, carved out of the former Austrian Empire: Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were created. German territory along the French border was demilitarized out of the same concern for protection.

5. Inflation in Germany

6. German children with stacks of inflated currency, virtually worthless in 1923.

7. Worldwide Depression, 1929 Bread lines for the unemployed in the U.S.

8. Were the Five-Year Plans A Success?

9. Nations after WWI • U.S.: • France: • England: • Italy: • Germany:

10. Fascism • Led by Benito Mussolini (created fascism in 1919) • totalitarian regime • March on Rome: challenge for power from Victor Emmanuel III (King)

11. Who was Hitler? • Born in Austria. • Reared Catholic. • Aspired to be an artist. Rejected by Vienna Academy of Arts on two occasions. Never attended college. • Exposed to antisemitic influences while in Vienna. • Moved to Germany to avoid Austrian draft. Fought for Germany in World War I.

12. Aspired to be an ArtistRejected by Vienna Academy of ArtsNever Attended College Oedensplatz (Feldherrnhalle), Munich, 1914 Artist: Adolf Hitler The Rotterdam Cathedral Munich, 1930 Artist: Adolf Hitler

13. Moved to Germany to avoid Austrian draft. Fought for Germany in World War I. Hitler served in the Bavarian contingent of the German Army.

14. Unemployment in Germany 1928-1933

15. German Nationalism 1st Reich 800 - 1806 2nd Reich 1871 - 1918 3rd Reich 1933 - ? Charlemagne 800-814 Leader of the Holy Roman Empire Otto von Bismarck 1871-1890 Engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany. Adolf Hitler 1933 - 1945 Hitler promised to return Germany to its previous glory with an empire that would last 1000 years. In reality, the 3rd Reich lasted only 12 years.

16. Hitler’s Rise to Power The world is too dangerous to live in – not because of the people who do evil, but because of the people who sit and let it happen. – Albert Einstein • Birth of the Nazi Party • The Weimar Republic • Nazis Become a Legitimate Party • Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933) • Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933) • Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933) • Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) • Night of the Long Knives (June 20, 1934) • Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934)

17. Birth of the Nazi Party • In 1919 Hitler joined the fledgling “German Worker’s Party.” • In 1920 he took control of the group and changed the name to the National Socialist German Worker’s Party, National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei, NSDAP, or Nazi for short. • It was here that Hitler discovered two remarkable talents: public speaking and inspiring personal loyalty. German propaganda postcard showing an early Hitler preaching to the fledgling Nazi Party. Assembly of the Nazi Party, 1922, Coburg, Germany

18. Hitler’s Rise to Power The world is too dangerous to live in – not because of the people who do evil, but because of the people who sit and let it happen. – Albert Einstein • Birth of the Nazi Party • The Weimar Republic • Nazis Become a Legitimate Party • Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933) • Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933) • Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933) • Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) • Night of the Long Knives (June 20, 1934) • Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934)

19. The Weimar Republic ♦ How the New Government Was to Be Run ♦ PRESIDENT Publicly elected to 7-year term. REICHSTAG Unlimited number of political parties. Elected to 4-year term by proportional representation. CHANCELLOR Appointed by President CABINET

20. Historical experience … shows with terrifying clarity that in every mingling of Aryan blood with that of lower peoples the result was the end of the cultured people. • Those who want to live, let them fight, and those who do not want to fight in this world of eternal struggle do not deserve to live. • The [Nazi party] should not become a constable of public opinion, but must dominate it. It must not become a servant of the masses, but their master! • The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew. - Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf

21. Nazi propaganda poster illustrating the Nazi’s desire to break the shackles of the Treaty of Versailles.

22. The Nazi Party, political unknowns, promised the German people a solution to their hunger and poverty: Work & Bread. • After the Nazis came to power, public works programs similar to those initiated by FDR’s “New Deal” stimulated the German economy. • Prior to World War II, average Germans credited the Nazis with their improved standard of living. “Work and Bread!” Nazi Party election poster from the early 1930’s.

23. Hitler Appointed ChancellorJanuary 30, 1933 Newly appointed Chancellor Adolf Hitler shakes hands with German President Paul von Hindenburg. Adolf Hitler greets a crowd of enthusiastic Germans from a window in the Chancellery building on the day of his appointment. Hitler in Berlin as new Chancellor of Germany, January, 1933

24. Reichstag FireFebruary 27, 1933 Emergency Decree February 28, 1933 President Hindenburg was persuaded to issue an Emergency Decree invoking Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. This gave the Chancellor the authority to impose dictatorial power to protect the democratic order from being overthrown.Members of the Communist Party were arrested. The Nazis accused the Communists of the arson as well as attempting to overthrow the state. The Nazis would use this event to eliminate all political opposition.

25. Enabling ActMarch 23, 1933 • Hitler won the office of Chancellor in a legal fashion, buy wanted the Reichstag out. • The Enabling Act was a special power allowed by the Weimar Constitution that gave the Chancellor and his cabinet the power to pass laws for a specified period of time, without Reichstag involvement. It was only to be used in times of emergency. • The Enabling Act gave Hitler’s government dictatorial powers for four years. German Reichstag in session.

26. Hitler Becomes Führer August 2, 1934 With President Paul von Hindenburg's death, Hitler consolidated power by joining the offices of Chancellor and President. He assumed the title of Führer (leader) and Reich Chancellor of the German nation. Placing one hand upon the Nazi flag and raising the other in obedience, these German soldiers swear their allegiance to the Führer. "One People, One Empire, One Führer."

27. Totalitarian Regimes