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Secondary data collection. Collecting Data. Secondary Data. Primary Data. Business Intelligence. Secondary data
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Collecting Data Secondary Data Primary Data Business Intelligence
Secondary data are data that have already been collected (bysomebody)for purposes other thanthe problem at hand. At face value this definition seems straightforward(basit). However, many researchers confusethe term, or quite rightly see some overlap with businessintelligence.
Secondary data, aredata collected by someone other than the user. Common sources of secondary data for social science include censuses, organisational records and data collected through qualitative methodologies or qualitative research. Primary data, by contrast, are collected by the investigator conducting the research.
Primary data are originated by a researcher for the specific purpose of addressing theproblem at hand. They are individually tailored for the decision-makers oforganisationsthat pay for well-focused and exclusive support. Compared with readilyavailable data from a variety of sources, this tailoring means higher costs and a longertime frame in collecting and analysing the data.
Primary Data consists of a collection of original primary data. It is often undertaken after the researcher has gained some insight into the issue by reviewing secondary research or by analyzing previously collected primary data.It can be accomplished through various methods, including questionnaires and telephone interviews in market research, or experiments and direct observations in the physical sciences, amongst others.
Business intelligence can be defined as qualified observations of events anddevelopments in the marketing environment. The use of the word ‘observations’ ispresented in a wide sense to include a variety of types of data, broadly concerned withenvironmentalscanning.
Business intelligence (BI) is a set of theories, methodologies, processes, architectures, and technologies that transform raw data into meaningful and useful information for business purposes. BI can handle large amounts of information to help identify and develop new opportunities. Making use of new opportunities and implementing an effective strategy can provide a competitive market advantage and long-term stability.
Advantages of secondary data Secondary data are easilyaccessible relatively inexpensive quickly obtained
Secondary data can help us: Diagnose(teşhis) the research problem 2.Develop an approach to the problem 3.Develop a sampling plan 4.Formulate an appropriate research design (for example, by identifying the key variablestomeasureorunderstand) 5.Answer certain research questions and test some hypotheses 6.Interpret primary data with more insight 7.Validate qualitative research findings
Disadvantages of secondary data Because secondary data have been collected for purposes other than the problem athand, their usefulness to the current problem may be limited in several importantways, including relevance and accuracy. The objectives, nature and methods used tocollect the secondary data may not be appropriate to the present situation. Also,secondarydata may be lacking in accuracy or may not be completely current ordependable. Before using secondary data, it is important to evaluate them according toa series of factors.
Criteriasfor evaluating secondary data Specificationsandresearchdesign Errorandaccuracy Currency: when the data were collected Objective: the purpose for which the data were collected Nature: the content of the data Dependability: how dependable are the data?
Specificationsandresearchdesign The specifications or the research design used to collect the data should be criticallyexamined to identify possible sources of bias. Such design considerations include sizeand nature of the sample, response rate and quality, questionnaire design andadministration,procedures used for fieldwork, and data analysis and reporting procedures. These checks provide information on the reliability and validity of the data and help determinewhether they canbe generalised to the problem at hand.
Errorandaccuracy The researcher must determine whether the data are accurate enough for thepurposes of the present study. Secondary data can have a number of sources oferroror inaccuracy, including errors in the approach,research design, sampling,datacollection, analysis, and reporting stages of the project. Moreover, it is difficult toevaluate the accuracy of secondary data because the researcher did notparticipate inthe research. One approach is to find multiple sources of data ifpossible, and comparethem using standard statistical procedures.
Currency: when the data were collected Secondary data may not be current and the time lag between data collectionand publicationmay be long, as is the case with much census data. Moreover,the data maynot be updated frequently enough for the purpose of the problemat hand. Decisionmakersrequire current data. For instance, although theCensus of Population data are comprehensive,they may not be applicable tomajor cities in which the population haschanged rapidly during the last twoyears.
Objective: the purpose for which the data were collected Data are invariably collected with some objective in mind, and a fundamental questionto ask is why the data were collected in the first place. The objective for collectingdata will ultimately determine the purpose for which that information is relevant anduseful. Data collected with a specific objective in mind may not be appropriate inanother situation.
Nature: the content of the data The nature, or content, of the data should be examined with special attention to thedefinition of key variables, the units of measurement, the categories used and therelationshipsexamined. If the key variables have not been defined or are defined in amanner inconsistent with the researcher’s definition, then the usefulness of the data islimited. Secondarydata may be measured in units that may not beappropriate forthe current problem. For example, income maybe measured by individual, family,household or spending unitand could be gross or net after taxes and deductions.Incomemay be classified into categories that are different from researchneeds.
Dependability: how dependable are the data? An overall indication of the dependability of data may be obtained by examining theexpertise, credibility, reputation and trustworthiness of the source. This informationcan be obtained by checking with others who have used the information providedbythe source. Data published to promote sales, to advance specific interests, or tocarryon propaganda should be viewed with suspicion. The same may be said ofdata publishedanonymously or in a form that attempts to hide the details of thedatacollection research design and process. It is also pertinent to examine whetherthe secondarydata came from an original source, one that generated the data, or an acquiredsource, one that procured the data from an original source.
Guides Guides are an excellent source of standard or recurring information. A guidemay helpidentify other important sources of directories, trade associations and tradepublications.Guides are one of the first sources a researcher should consult. The followingexample illustrates the use of the Electronic Buyer’s Guide.
Directories Directories are helpful for identifying individuals or organisationsthatcollect specific data. An example of a directory that you can examine on the Internetis the Central andEastern European Business Directory. This interactive site providescurrent information on businesses and organisations in 24 central and easternEuropeancountries (www.ceebd.co.uk).
Indexes It is possible to locate information on a particular topic in several differentpublications by using an index and abstracts. Indexes and abstracts, therefore, canincrease the efficiency of the search process. Several indexes and abstracts areavailablefor both academic and business sources. Examples of newspaper indexesinclude theFinancial Times Index (www.news.ft.com),
Non-government statistical data Published statistical data are of great interest toresearchers. Graphic and statistical analyses can be performed on these data to drawimportant insights. Examples of nongovernmental statistical data include trade associationssuch as the Swedish Tourism Trade Association (www.sverigeturism.se)
Governmentsources Turkishgovernment and the EU also produce large amounts of secondary data. EachEuropean country has its own statistical office which produces lists of the publicationsavailable (and the costs involved).
Census data Most worldcountries produce either catalogues or newslettersthat describe thearray(seri)of census publications available and the plans for any forthcomingcensus.
Periodicals Periodical literature (also called a periodical publication)is a published work that appears in a new edition on a regular schedule. The most familiar examples are the newspaper, often published daily, or weekly; or the magazine, typically published weekly, monthly or as a quarterly. Other examples would be a newsletter, a literary journal or learned journal, or a yearbook. These examples are typically published and referenced by volume and issue. "Volume" typically refers to the number of years the publication has been circulated, and "Issue" refers to how many times that periodical has been published during that year.
Statistical data are periodicals published by government or non-governments, also can be published nationally or internationally.
In academia, proceedingsare the collection of academic papers published in the context of an academic conference. They are usually distributed as printed volumes or in electronic form either before the conference opens or after it has closed. Proceedings contain the contributions made by researchers at the conference. They are the written record of the work that is presented to fellow researchers.
The collection of papers is organized by one or more persons, who form the editorial team. The quality of the papers is typically ensured by having external people read the papers before they are accepted in the proceedings. This process is called reviewing. Depending on the level of the conference, this process including making revisions can take up to a year. The editors decide about the composition of the proceedings, the order of the papers, and produce the preface and possibly other pieces of text. Although most changes in papers occur on basis of consensus between editors and authors, editors can also single-handedly make changes in papers.
A journalis usually referred to as a diary a newspaper or other periodical, in the literal sense of one published each day many publications issued at stated intervals, such as magazines, or scholarly journals, academic journals, or the record of the transactions of a society, are often called journals. Although journal is sometimes used as a synonym for "magazine", in academic use, a journal refers to a serious, scholarly publication that is peer-reviewed. A non-scholarly magazine written for an educated audience about an industry or an area of professional activity is usually called a professional magazine.
An academic journal is a peer-reviewedperiodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research and review articles. The term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Scientific journals and journals of the quantitativesocial sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities and qualitative social sciences; their specific aspects are separately discussed.
Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) is an interdisciplinary citation index product of Thomson Reuters' Healthcare & Science division. It was developed by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) from the Science Citation Index. This citation database covers some 2,474 of the world's leading journals of social sciences across more than 50 disciplines.Itis made available online through the Web of Science service for a fee. This database product provides information to identify the articles cited most frequently and by what publisher and author
Non-indexed journals are peer-reviewed but not cited in any indexes. There are many conditions in order to be an indexed journal.
