1 / 70

All Organic Compounds

All Organic Compounds. Hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon Derivatives. Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x. Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO other elements. Organic Halides: are when 1 or more hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen (Group 17; F, Cl, Br, I)

aggie
Télécharger la présentation

All Organic Compounds

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with CxHx Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO other elements.

  2. Organic Halides: are when 1 or more hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen (Group 17; F, Cl, Br, I) The element itself (Organic Halide) is its own functional group and is named the same as any other branch group. 1 2

  3. 6 7 4 5 3 2 1 Practice (Easy) ***Name the side branches alphabetically just like with ethy and methy, etc.***

  4. Practice (Cyclo/Benzene)

  5. This type of reaction occurs when UNSATURATED hydrocarbons react with diatomic molecules like; H2 Cl2 Br2 I2 HBr HCl HI The addition of these diatomic molecules saturate the hydrocarbon…..breaks the double or triple bonds and adds BOTH onto the chain.

  6. H H ***Addition of H2 breaks the double bond and adds the hydrogens onto the hydrocarbon.***

  7. Step 1 Cl H ***For every diatomic molecule you add to a UNSATURATED hydrocarbon it break a bond…so it breaks the “unsaturations” step by step.***

  8. Cl H Step 2 H Cl 2, 2 – dichloropropane

  9. This type of reaction occurs when SATURATED hydrocarbons react with diatomic molecules like; H2 Cl2 Br2 I2 HBr HCl HI The substitution of these diatomic molecules trade places with hydrogens already in the hydrocarbon…..breaks the SINGLE BOND and adds ONE onto the chain. The second joins with substituted element and forms another compound that leaves the hydrocarbon chain.

  10. Cl Just indicates a common catalyst…DOES NOT MAKE A DIFFERENCE!!!

  11. Adding an alcohol(OH-) Functional Group to a hydrocarbon drastically changes the properties of the hydrocarbon. Such as; 1. Higher Solubility in water. 2. Increased boiling point . 3. Short-Chain alcohols (less than 3 C’s are VERY soluble. 4. Long chain alcohols (more than 5) are slightly soluble.

  12. Methanol and Ethanol Methanol (CH3OH) AND Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) are the two most common alcohols. ***Because Methanol and Ethanol only differ from one another by a “CH2” they are part of a “homologous series”.*** Homologous Series: A series of compounds that only differ by a single repeated “group”. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CH2OH CH3OH CH3CH2CH2OH Butanol Propanol Ethanol Methanol

  13. Alcohol was is made by fermentation (yeast, baking, making bread). Alcohol is poisonous, the “drunk” feeling is the feeling of being poisoned. The disorientation and loss of motor functions (stumbling) is because YOU ARE BEING POISONED! Ethanol CH3CH2OH is the ONLY alcohol that wont outright kill you. So….. DON’T TRY TO MAKE IT….IT COULD BE WRONG. Alcohol…

  14. Alcohol added to fuel to help it burn more efficiently. Alcohol often added to fuel to as gas line antifreeze. CH3OH (methanol) is TOXIC. Add methanol to Ethanol (alcohol you could drink) makes IT TOXIC TOO. Ethanol used in; Lacquers. Varnishes. Perfume. Synthetic Flavours. Alcohol…

  15. Hydrocarbons that contain alcohols are named THE SAME way as usual. 1. You name the longest parent chain. 2. You use –ane –ene –yne for single, double, triple bonds. **You number the hydrocarbon ‘Parent Chain” so branches are on lowest carbon numbers** **Number the carbons so ALCOHOL is on the lowest number possible** 3. You add “–ol” on the end of a hydrocarbon to show an alcohol (OH) functional group is present. H H H H H H H -C-C-C-C-C-C-C-OH H 7 Carbons long 3 2 7 5 4 1 6 H H H H H H H Naming Alcohols All single bonds Number carbons so OH on lowest number. Heptanol ol Hept -1- an ***Its very common to just NOT put -1- for alcohols on the end of hydrocarbons***

  16. ***When there is more than 1 alcohol functional group in a hydrocarbon you describe it the same as you would if there were multiple F’s or Br’s (Halide groups).*** Diol -----2 Triol-----3 ***Make sure if you use “di” you have listed two places….1,2 or 2,5..3,4…etc**** ***Make sure if you use “tri” you have listed three places….1,2,3 or 2,2,5..3,5,5…etc**** Multiple Alcohols

  17. Practice OH H H H H 5 Carbons long -- H--C--C--C--C--C--H 4 3 2 1 5 H OH H H H A DOUBLE BOND!! Number carbons so double bond on lowest number. diol Pent -1-ene -2,4- Alcohol groups on 2 different carbons. State which carbon alcohol groups are on.

  18. Whether an alcohol containing hydrocarbon is considered primary, secondary, or tertiary is dependant on the Carbon that the OH group is attached to. Carbon connect to ONE other carbon makes it primary. H H H H H H--C--C--C--C--C--OH H H H H H The carbon that the OH group is attached to make this a primary alcohol. AlcoholsPrimary, Secondary, Tertiary

  19. Whether an alcohol containing hydrocarbon is considered primary, secondary, or tertiary is dependant on the Carbon that the OH group is attached to. Carbon connect to TWO other carbon makes it secondary. H H OH H H H--C--C--C--C--C--H H H H H H The carbon that the OH group is attached to make this a secondary alcohol. AlcoholsPrimary, Secondary, Tertiary

  20. Whether an alcohol containing hydrocarbon is considered primary, secondary, or tertiary is dependant on the Carbon that the OH group is attached to. Carbon connect to THREE other carbon makes it secondary. H OH H H H H--C--C--C--C--C--H H H H H --C-- H H The carbon that the OH group is attached to make this a Tertiary alcohol. AlcoholsPrimary, Secondary, Tertiary H

  21. Whether an alcohol containing hydrocarbon is considered primary, secondary, or tertiary is dependant on the Carbon that the OH group is attached to. 5 Carbons long. H OH H H H All SINGLE bonds. H--C--C--C--C--C--H 4 3 2 1 5 H H H H OH on carbon 3. CH3 group (methyl) on carbon 3. --C-- H H AlcoholsCombination Practice H pent an 3-methyl -3-ol

  22. OH OH OH OH Cyclohexane-1,3-diol Or M-cyclohexane-diol Cyclopentane-1,2-diol Or O-cyclopentane-diol Practice Cyclo/Benzene Alcohols

  23. Cyclopentane-1,2-diol Or O-cyclopentane-diol OH OH Practice Cyclo/Benzene Alcohols

  24. It is often very useful to be able to create alkenes and alkynes from alkanes. This can be done in TWO ways; 2. Ethene produced by Ethane Elimination Reactions. 1. Ethene produced from Ethane Cracking Elimination Reactions

  25. Ethane cracking is a special hydrocarbon cracking in which Ethane (single bonded-Saturated) is “cracked” into Ethyne (double bonded-unsaturated).

  26. Elimination and Addition Reactions ***Elimination reactions are also called Dehydration reaction because they UNSATURATE a hydrocarbon and produce water as a second product.*** H H H H H H2SO4 H--C--C--C--C--C--OH H3PO4 H H H H H Pentanol H H H H H -- + H2O H--C--C--C--C--C H H H H H Pentene

  27. Elimination and Addition Reactions ***Elimination reaction are also called Dehydration reaction because they UNSATURATE a hydrocarbon and produce water as a second product.*** H H H H H KOH + H--C--C--C--C--C--H NaOH H Cl H H H 2- chloropentane H H H H H -- H--C--C--C--C--C--H + Cl- + H2O H H H Pent-2-ene

  28. Elimination and Addition Reactions ***Addition reaction are also called hydration reactions because they SATURATE a hydrocarbon by adding water as a reactant.*** H H H H H H H--C--C--C--H -- + HOH H--C--C--C--H H H OH H Propene Propan-1-ol It is the exact opposite of a hydration reaction. The double or triple bond is broken and the H and OH group are added onto the carbons to keep the 4 bonds rule.

  29. Alcohols and Elimination Reactions Functional Group: -OH (hydroxyl group) • Drop the “e” from the end of the alkane, alkene, or alkyne and add -ol • If necessary add the number of the carbon the –OH group is on; eg., propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol • If there are more than 1 OH you keep the whole name (KEEP THE “E”) use “di” or “tri” “ol” instead.

  30. Alcohols and Elimination Reactions Preparation: If you react an alkENE with water (hydration reaction) it will break the double or triple bond and add “H” and “OH”. H H H H H H H--C--C--C--H -- + HOH H--C--C--C--H H H OH H Water Propan-1-ol Propene

  31. Alcohols and Elimination Reactions Elimination Reactions: (Dehydrations) • The opposite of an addition (hydration) reaction. An Alcohol is unsaturated creating a double bond and H2O. General Formula: Alcohols  alkene + Water H H H H H2SO4 R-C = C-R R-C—C-R + HOH H3PO4 H OH

  32. Alcohols and Elimination Reactions Elimination Reactions: (Organic Halide (OH-/Basic) • The reaction of hydrocarbons containing a halide (F, Cl, Br, I)with an OH- group (basic environment) General Formula: Organic Halide + OH-  Alkene + Halide ion (Cl-) + Water H H H H R-C = C-R + OH- R-C—C-R + HOH H Cl + Cl-

  33. A functional group consisting of; a double bonded oxygen and OH groups bound to end carbon of a hydrocarbon. ***Can be attached to ANY hydrocarbon chain*** Carboxylic acid naming is done the same as a normal hydrocarbon EXCEPT at the end of the hydrocarbon name you add “–oic acid” Methanoic Acid Methane Butane Butanoic Acid

  34. A functional group consisting of a single bonded O between TWO carbons and double bonded O. Named by counting the number of carbons on the =O side and changing the ending to “–oate”. You name the second half of the ester (side without =O) like a alkane branch ending in “–yl” ethane ethanoate Methyl

  35. ***Esters are often added to foods for artificial flavours.*** The Ester Functional Group

  36. ***An Ester is formed when a carboxylic acid (COOH) reacts with an alcohol (COH) and undergoes a condensation reaction (dehydration).*** Making an Ester (Esterification) Ethanol Butanoic Acid OH H +  HOH (Water)

  37. ***An Ester is formed when a carboxylic acid (COOH) reacts with an alcohol (COH) and undergoes a condensation reaction (dehydration).***  butanoate Ethyl Making an Ester (Esterification) + H2O

  38. O O HOH = = CH3-C- O-CH3 CH3-C-OH CH3-C- + O-CH3 + HO-CH3  Methyl ethan oate Ester Formation Summary

  39. ***Esterification when benzene rings have the required carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups.*** Esterification and Benzene Rings

More Related