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Organic Compounds:

Proteins are vital organic compounds composed of amino acids, which serve as the building blocks for countless functions in living organisms. With about 100,000 different proteins in the human body, their unique shapes determine their diverse roles, from controlling cell activities to muscle function and immune response. Enzymes, a crucial subset of proteins, act as catalysts, influencing chemical reactions essential for metabolism and other biological processes. Alongside proteins, nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are fundamental for storing genetic information and synthesizing proteins.

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Organic Compounds:

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  1. Organic Compounds: Proteins

  2. Basic Overview • contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Water is the most abundant molecule in the body • Proteins are the 2nd most abundant!

  3. Amino Acids = building blocks! • All proteins are made of amino acids • Amino acids = building blocks = monomers • 20 essential amino acids • peptide bond- the bond that holds amino acids together to form a protein • Peptides= chains of amino acids • A single protein can be made of hundreds or thousands of amino acids • The human body has ~100,000 different proteins!

  4. Protein Structure • All proteins have a unique shape • amino acid chain twists and turns to create a specialized shape • amino acid order determines protein shape • orderchanges => shape changes => protein cannot function!!!

  5. Functions • Control cell activities & chemical reactions (enzymes) • cell metabolism • Metabolism = all reactions involved in OBTAINING and USING ENERGY • cellular transport • immune system function • muscle function • structure • tissues and organs • hair, nails, horns, hoofs, etc.

  6. What are Enzymes? • very important proteins • only found in living things • change the rate of a chemical reaction • also called catalysts • can speed up reactions • control metabolic processes

  7. Why are Enzymes Important? • help make materials needed by cells • release energy • transfer information • also involved in chemical reactions of digestion, reproduction, respiration, vision, movement, thought, etc.

  8. Factors that Affect Enzymes • Enzyme activity can be affected by: • temperature • pH • Cells must maintain homeostasis of pH and temperature for enzymes to work best! • All enzymes have optimal (BEST) pH levels and temperatures that work fastest at!

  9. pH Temperature

  10. Nucleic Acids

  11. Structure • composed of the elements carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus • Built from nucleotides • Very large and complex!

  12. Nucleotides = Building blocks of nucleic acids = monomers Consist of three basic parts: 5-carbon sugar (a carbohydrate) phosphate group nitrogenous base Nucleotides

  13. Functions • Two basic types: • RNA = ribonucleic acid • contains the sugar ribose • Involved in making proteins • DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid • contains the sugar deoxyribose • genetic information • Blueprints/instructions for life!

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