SEABEE COMBAT WARFARE COMMON CORE

NAVEDTRA 43904-C SEABEE COMBAT WARFARECOMMON CORE Unit 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals October 2010

CBR Warfare • References (a) TM EE168-DB-OMP-010, Operators and Unit Maintenance Manual for Alarm, Chemical Agent, Automatic, M-22 (b) NAVEDTRA 14057, Damage Controlman (c) NAVEDTRA 14235 Seabee Combat Handbook, Vol 2 (d) TM 3-4240-346-109 Chemical Biological Mask, Type M-40A

CBR Warfare (e) NAVEDTRA 14234 Seabee Combat Handbook, Vol 1 (f) FM 3-4, NMC Protection (g) NAVMED P-5041 Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties (h) FM 3-3 Chemical and Biological Contamination Avoidance (i) FM 3-5, NBC Decontamination (j) Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for NBC Protection

CBR Warfare (k) TM SS200-AP-MMO-010 Operator Manual for Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JLIST) Chemical Protective Ensemble (l) FM 3-7, NBC Field Handbook

US POLICYNUCLEAR WEAPONS • The US may use nuclear weapons to terminate a conflict or war at the lowest acceptable level of hostilities. This is interpreted to mean that the US may use nuclear weapons first. The employment of nuclear weapons by the US is governed by guidance to the joint force commander (JFC) as contained in JP 3-12, Doctrine For Joint Nuclear Operations, and other strategic level directives. The US is party to treaties and international agreements that limit proliferation, testing, and possession of nuclear weapons.

US POLICYCHEM WEAPONS • The US will never use chemical weapons. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which the US ratified on 29 April 1997, bans the acquisition, development, production, retention, stockpiling, transfer, and use of chemical weapons.

US POLICYBIO WEAPONS • The US will never use biological weapons. Under the terms of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), which the US ratified on 29 March 1975, parties agreed not to develop, produce, stockpile, or acquire biological agents or toxins of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purposes. • FM 3-11

CBR Warfare • PQS Question 111.1 Explain the following: • Chemical Warfare • Biological Warfare • Radiological Warfare • Routes by which agents enter the body. • Reference: (e, Ch 9) NAVEDTRA 14234 Seabee Combat Handbook, Vol 1

Chemical Warfare Chemical Warfare • Produces physiological and psychological effect • Delivered in liquid and vapor form • Causes casualties • Degrades performance • Disrupts support • Restricts maneuvers

Chemical Warfare • Chemical agents are used to produce death, injury, temporary incapacitation, or irritating effects. • Three types of antipersonnel agents • Casualty (nerve, blister, choking, blood) • Incapacitating (symptoms vary) • Harassing (tear and vomiting gases)

Biological Warfare Biological Warfare The intentional release of living organisms or substances produced by living organisms to cause Death or Disease

Biological Warfare • Biological operations use living organisms to cause disease or death. • Cause diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera, and influenza. • Difficult to detect because evidence of attack isn’t discovered until after personnel show signs of exposure.

Radiological Warfare • Nuclear weapons produce explosions of great force and heat and release nuclear radiation. Their primary purpose is the mass destruction of property and personnel.

CBR Warfare • Routes by which agents enter the body • Breathing • Absorption through skin, eyes, mucus membranes • Ingestion

CBR Warfare • PQS Question 111.2 Describe the purpose of the following: • Protective mask (ref b, ch. 9, p 9-1) • Chemical protective JSLIST ensemble (reb b, ch. 9, p 9-4) • Atropine/2pam chloride (ref e, ch. 9, p 9-8) • Pocket dosimeter (ref b, ch. 11, p 11-5) • Reference: NAVEDTRA 14057, Damage Controlman

Chemical Weapons MCU-2/P Protective Mask • Protects face, eyes, nose, throat and lungs from CBR agents or contamination • Offers no protection against carbon monoxide or ammonia • Filters the air removing particles of dust that may be radioactive or otherwise contaminated • Purifies the air of many poisonous gases.

ProtectiveEquipment • Chemical Protective Ensemble The JSLIST overgarment is designed to replace the Battle Dress Overgarment, the USMC Saratoga, and the Navy Chemical Protective Overgarment. It is lighter and less bulky than the previous Battle Dress Overgarment (BDO) chemical protective garments, is durable for 45 days, can be laundered up to six times and provides 24 hours of protection against liquid and vapor chemical challenges.

Protective Equipment • Wet-weather clothing • Provides complete protection against alpha/beta radiological contamination when worn with battle dress and antiflash gear • Provides an extra layer of protection for the chemical protective overgarment.

ProtectiveEquipment • Atropine/2Pam Chloride auto-injector • Used to counteract the effects of and relieve the symptoms of nerve agents only.

Protective Equipment • Pocket Dosimeter • Size and shape of a fountain pen. • Measure exposure to radiation over a period of time

Protective Mask • PQS Question 111.3 Describe the operation and maintenance of the protective mask. • Reference: (d, Ch 2 & 3) TM 3-4240-346-109 Chemical Biological Mask, type M-40A

M-40A • 1. Place your chin in. • 2. Cover openings at bottom of outlet valve and breathe out hard so that air escapes around the edges of facepiece. • 3. Cover inlet port of canister and breath in. Facepiece should collapse against your face, and remain so while you hold your breath. If it does, you have an airtight seal. If it does not collapse check for matter between face piece and your face. • 4. Grasp tab and pull head harness over your head after establishing an airtight seal.

M-40A • The only authorized cleaning agent for your FPM is WARM SOAPY WATER. • Remove the canister before cleaning the mask. Clean the mask. Clean the mask inside and out, using a clean cloth dipped in the soapy water. • Rinse by wiping with a clean cloth that has been dipped in warm clear water. • Either wipe the facepiece with a clean, lint free cloth or air-dry.

CBR Warfare • PQS Question 111.4 Explain the three types of anti-personnel agents and their physical symptoms. • Reference: [e, ch. 9-1]

Anti-personnel agents • Casualty Agents - Highly poisonous and are intended to kill or seriously injure. Included in this group are nerve, blister, choking, and blood agents. Nerve agents, as a group, are probably the most effective because only small doses are needed to produce death. • Incapacitating - It renders personnel incapable of performing their duties by interfering with the mental processes that control bodily functions. • Harassing - include tear and vomiting gases that cause temporary disability.

CBR Warfare • PQS Question 111.5 Describe the following types of nuclear explosions. [ref b, ch. 10] • Air burst • High altitude burst • Surface burst • Underwater burst • Underground burst • Reference: NAVEDTRA 14057, Basic Damage Control

Nuclear Explosions Air Burst • Fire ball does not touch the earth • All materials in fireball vaporized • Maximize blast and thermal effect over large area

High Altitude Burst High Altitude Burst • Point of detonation is above 100,000 ft • Produces air blast, thermal radiation, EMP, initial nuclear radiation, and atmospheric ionization. • Last from minutes to hours

Surface Burst Surface Burst • Detonation is on, or above the surface of the earth, and the fireball touches the surface. • Air blast, thermal radiation, EMP. • Over water causes damage to Submarines

Nuclear Explosions Underwater Burst • Practically all thermal radiation absorbed • Large base serge is formed which billows up several hundred feet

Underground Burst • Underground Burst • Produces a severe earth shock, especially near point of detonation. • Thermal radiation, air blast, initial nuclear radiation, and fallout will be negligible or absent if the burst is confined below the surface. • Ground shock will cause damage within about three crater radii but little beyond

CBR Warfare • PQS Question 111.6 Describe the following effects of nuclear explosions. • Air Blast • Thermal radiation • Nuclear radiation • Electromagnetic Pulse phenomenon • Fallout • Reference: [b, ch. 10]

Nuclear Explosions • Air Blast • Primary blast injuries result from the direct action of the air shock wave on the human body. • Secondary blast injuries are caused mainly by collapsing buildings and by timber and other debris flung about by the blast.

Nuclear Explosions • Thermal Radiation • Radiant energy (heat and light) emitted by fireball. • Travels at the speed of light and persists as long as the fireball is luminous. • Over land – ignites fires • As weapon yield increases, the range at which thermal radiation can cause skin burns and eye injuries to exposed personnel increases

Nuclear Explosions • Nuclear Radiation • Alpha particles: Must be taken into the body through ingestion or cuts to be injurious. • Beta particles: Enter through the skin or ingestion, carried in contaminated dust, dirt, or bomb residue

Nuclear Explosions • Nuclear Radiation Gamma Rays: Pure energy and not easily stopped, can penetrate every region of the body. Gamma rays strike atoms in the body cause ionization of these atoms, which may result in any number of possible chemical reactions that damage the cells of the body.

Nuclear Explosions • Nuclear Radiation • Neutrons: Have the greatest penetrating power of the nuclear radiation hazards, create hazards to personnel when the neutron is captured in atoms of various elements in the body, atmosphere, water, or soil. • The captured elements become radioactive and release gamma rays and beta particles.

Nuclear Explosions • Electromagnetic Pulse phenomenon • An EMP is an intense burst of radio- frequency radiation generated by a nuclear explosion. • The strong, quick-rising surges of electric current induced by EMP in power transmission lines and long antennas could burn out most unprotected electrical and electronic equipment.

Nuclear Explosions • Fallout • Major effect of a surface, shallow underground, or underwater burst. • Radioactive material that falls from the nuclear cloud and is deposited on exposed surfaces. • Consists primarily of fission products (gamma/beta emitters) mixed with material that was vaporized by the fireball and drawn up into the nuclear cloud.

CBR Warfare • PQS Question 111.7 Define Mission Oriented Protective Posture and describe the levels. • Reference: [f, ch. 2, pp 2-1 thru 2-3]

MOPP Levels

CBR Warfare • PQS Question 111.8 Describe the correct procedures for inspecting, maintaining, the JSLIST chemical protective ensemble. • Reference: [k, ch. 2, pp. 2-1 thru 2-11]

Protective Clothing

NATO NBC Markers • PQS Question 111.9 Describe the colors and markings on the NATO biological, chemical and radiological marker signs. • Reference: [e, ch. 9, p. 9-19]

SEABEE COMBAT WARFARE COMMON CORE