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Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954). led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI. Turing and Colossus.

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Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

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  1. Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954) • led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine • proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability • devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI

  2. Turing and Colossus • constructed an electronic computing machine (1943) used to decrypt German coded messages

  3. Maurice Wilkes (1913 - ) • his Cambridge group constructed EDSAC in 1949 • the first stored program, general-purpose electronic digital computer • first to use symbolic programs (assembly)

  4. UNIVAC-1 • first commercial general-purpose computer system • successor to Mauchly-Eckert BINAC • delivered in 1951 • used to forecast the 1952 presidential election

  5. Computing Generations • FIRST GENERATION (1950s) vacuum tube technology • SECOND GENERATION (early 1960s) solid-state technology, magnetic core memories • THIRD GENERATION (1964 – 1970) integrated circuitry (SSI), dynamic memories • LATER GENERATIONS (1970s – ) VLSI, microprocessors, ultra large-scale integration

  6. IBM/360 • built using solid-state circuitry • family of computer systems with backward compatibility • established the standard for mainframes for decades

  7. DEC PDP Series • “minicomputers” • offered mainframe performance at a fraction of the cost • introduced the unibus architecture for CPU interconnections

  8. Supercomputers • high-performance systems used for scientific applications • advanced designs (pipelining, parallelism, etc.) • Control Data Corporation, Cray Research, and others

  9. Desktop Computers • microprocessors • all-in-one designs, performance/price tradeoffs • aimed at mass audiences • personal computers • workstations

  10. Comparison Shopping How do they rate in cost and performance?

  11. Moore’s Law • increased density of components on chip • Gordon Moore: “Number of transistors on a chip will double every year.” • since 1970’s development has slowed a little • Number of transistors doubles every 18 months • cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged • higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance • trends: smaller size, reduced power and cooling requirements, fewer interconnections

  12. DRAM and Processor Characteristics

  13. Improving Memory Performance • increase the number of bits per word, width of data paths • employ cache structures to reduce the frequency of memory operations • increase the bandwidth of interconnections

  14. Pentium Evolution (1) • 8080 • first general purpose microprocessor • 8 bit data path • 8086, 88 • 16 bit • instruction cache, prefetch few instructions • 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC • 80286 • 16 Mbyte memory addressable • 80386 • 32 bit • Support for multitasking

  15. Pentium Evolution (2) • 80486 • sophisticated cache and instruction pipelining • built in math co-processor • Pentium • superscalar, multiple instructions executed in parallel • Pentium Pro • increased superscalar organization • branch prediction • data flow analysis • speculative execution

  16. Pentium Evolution (3) • Pentium II • MMX technology • graphics, video & audio processing • Pentium III • additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics • Pentium 4 • more floating point and multimedia enhancements • Itanium • 64 bit

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