Internet History and Needs

1. Internet History and Needs N. NilgünÇokça Hacettepe University Department of Economics Ankara- Turkey ncokca@hacettepe.edu.tr http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~ncokca

2. The History of Internet 1957 • Soviet Union launches Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite. 1958 • President Eisenhower reacts by forming two government agencies to advance space technologies, weapons, and communication systems. • Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are established.

3. 1969 • The first ARPANET connections are made. Nodes (hosts) are set as 516 minicomputer with 12K memory, set with 50 kbps lines, which AT&T provides. • Node 1: UCLA (September) • Node 2: Stanford Research Institute (SRI) (October) • Node 3: University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) (November) • Node 4: University of Utah (December)

4. 1970 • ARPANET hosts start using NCP, or Network Control Protocol, further developing the first host-to-host protocol. 1972 • RayTomlinson modifies his email program for ARPANET and quickly gains popularity. Initially there were some variations of the program, but the "@" was finally chosen as the standard. 1973 • ARPA changes its name to DARPA • ARPANET makes its first international connection to the University College of London (England) and the Royal Establishment in Norway (NORSAR).

5. 1980 • Due to virus ARPANET comes to a complete halt. • ARPANET has 213 hosts, with a new host added approximately once every 20 days. • The system serves as a cooperative network between the City University of New York and Yale. The low-cost network later expands throughout United States and to overseas. 1975 • Satellite links across two oceans to Hawaii and UK are formed, and the first TCP tests are layered over them by Stanford, BBN, and UCL. 1976 • Queen Elizabeth II makes early network history by sending an email announcing that the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment in Malvern, is available on the ARPANET system.

6. 1982 • DCA (Defense Communication Agency) and DARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) and the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP for ARPANET. • DOD also declares TCP/IP as a standard. 1984 • Domain Name System or DNS is introduced to identify the type of institution which represents the host

7. 1988 • Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is developed by Jarkko Oikarinen. 1991 • WAIS, invented by Brewster Kahle, is released by Thinking Machines Corporation. • Gopher is introduced by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the University of Minnesota. • World-Wide Web (WWW) is released by CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. • British researcher, Tim Berner-Lee creates HTML • The web as we know it is born!

8. 1992 • World Bankcomes on-line • Theterm "surfingthe Internet" is coinedby Jean ArmourPolly 1993 • US White House (http://www.whitehouse.gov), and United Nations (UN) comes on-line • Countriesconnectingto NSFNET: Bulgaria (BG), Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), Fiji (FJ), Ghana (GH), Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan (KZ), Kenya (KE), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE), Romania (RO), RussianFederation (RU), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), UAE (AE), US VirginIslands (VI)

9. 1993Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web renamed to “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle”

10. 1995 • Alta Vista • Amazon.com • eBay 1996 • The browser wars begin. Netscape and Microsoft go head-to-head, intensively developing and releasing upgrades to their browsers • Macromedia Flash 1.0 launches to add interactive animation to webpages. 1998 • Google

11. 1999 • Napster, Thepeer-to-peer software enables internet usersto swap MP3 musicfilesstored on theircomputersandtofindeachotherthrough a centraldirectory. 2000 • Fixedwireless, high-speed Internet technology is nowseen as a viablealternativetocopperand fiber opticlinesplaced in theground. 2004 • Facebook • Flickr

12. 2005 • Youtube 2006 • Twitter • Thereare an estimated 92 million Web sites online 2007 • 1.114 billionpeopleusethe Internet accordingto Internet WorldStats 2009 • ActorAshtonKutcherbecomesthefirstperson on Twittertohave a millionfollowerssubscribingto his 'tweets'.

13. What Is the Structure of the Internet? The Internet is usually described as a three-level hierarchy. Local Area Network Wide Area Networks Backbones

14. What is Internet? Russia Iraq Hakkari INTERNET HomeUsers Deans’ Office Sinop LAN USA Faculty of Law Department of Economics Banks METU 10.50.56.254 StudentHoues WAN HighSchools Backbone İstanbul Germany Japan

15. What is the Internet? • “An internet is a network of networks” says Kevin Hughes • The term was coined for the ARPANET to describe a collection of different networksthat all used TCP/IP. • Internet Society described “a way to communicate and share resources”

16. What Do People On the Internet? Probably the most frequent use is e-mail. After that are file transfer and remote login (login into a computer that is running some where else on the Internet). Who Runs the Internet? The short answer is "no one". Who Provides Access Outsidethe USA? There are now a large number of backbone and mid-level networks in other countries.

17. IP Address-Domain Name • IP Address Internet Protocol • 193.140.216.8 • Domain Name • www.hacettepe.edu.tr BerkeleyUnix command to set and get the application level name used by the host: Com  CommercialCo Commercial Edu EducationAc Education Org  Organizations Mil  Military Gov  Government Net  Network

18. Getting Connected • Optical Fibre • Ethernet • Modem • Internal • External • Wireless

19. Internet Protocols

20. Internet Softwares • Electronic Mail • Pine • Outlook Express • Eudora • Browser • Internet Explorer • Chrome • Safari • Mozilla • Opera • File Transfer • CuteFtp • AceFtp • Web Creators • Front Page • Hot Dog • CoffeeCup • PHP Designer • Instant Messaging • ICQ • MSN Messenger • Yahoo Messenger • Skype • Conferencing  • NetMeeting • IConfKit

21. What is Netiquette? :-)  happy :((((  very sorry :-O  uh-oh LOL  Laughing Out Loud Netiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly online.

22. THE CORE RULES OF NETIQUETTE • Do unto others as you'd have others do unto you • Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life • Know where you are in cyberspace • Respect other people's time and bandwidth • Make yourself look good online • Share expert knowledge • Help keep flame wars under control • Respect other people's privacy • Don't abuse your power • Be forgiving of other people's mistakes

23. Internet and internet • Historically, Internet and internet have had different meanings, with internet meaning “an interconnected set of distinct networks,” and Internet referring to the world-wide, publicly-available IP internet. • Some people use the lower-case term as a medium (like radio or newspaper, e.g. I've found it on the internet), and first letter capitalized as the global network.

24. Some Useful Addresss: • Search Engines: • www.google.com • www.bing.com • www.yahoo.com • Economic Sites • economics.about.com • econlinks.com • Rules of using internet • www.albion.com • www.safekids.com END

25. University College of London

26. WAIS (Wide Area InformationServers)

27. GOPHER

28. HTML