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You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war. ~Albert Einstein

You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war. ~Albert Einstein. War is hell!. Why would President Lincoln approve the policy of waging war on civilians? To hasten the end of a long and bloody struggle Why is the Civil War different? Unlike previous campaigns,

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You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war. ~Albert Einstein

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  1. You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war. ~Albert Einstein

  2. War is hell!

  3. Why would President Lincoln approve the policy of waging war on civilians? • To hasten the end of a long and bloody struggle • Why is the Civil War different? • Unlike previous campaigns, • Where civilian losses were UNINTENTIONAL • Sherman specifically targeted the property of the local people • Lincoln was deeply personally troubled by Sherman’s campaign against the South • But he believed he had to break the fighting spirit of the Confederacy

  4. What factors and questions do democracies have to consider during war? In a democracy, the decisions faced by policymakers AND the public Are particularly complex

  5. What factors and questions do democracies have to consider during war? The beginning point? • Values!!!! • What are values? Beliefs, customs, and relationships that individuals OR SOCIETIES Believe are CENTRAL to their Identity Security Survival

  6. What factors and questions do democracies have to consider during war? Values • Provide the foundation for the goals & standards that shape our daily lives • They guide us in making important decisions • They inspire individuals to risk their well-being for a common cause During Wartime, Values serve to UNITE a society to take up arms to uphold its highest values and interests

  7. What factors and questions do democracies have to consider during war? When a democratic society goes to war, the decisions made and actions taken are not just the responsibility of those in authority, they are the collective responsibility of the people

  8. What factors and questions do democracies have to consider during war? Therefore, democracies at war have a special obligation to confront the “Ends-means dilemma” Once the war has begun, few Americans would deny that brining a swift and victorious end to the battle is a justifiable goal. The moral difficulty comes in

  9. What factors and questions do democracies have to consider during war? Which military actions? Which military means? Should be employed to attain a worthy end? Where does a democracy draw the line in the use of violence? How does the end being pursued determine which means are justifiable?

  10. Two American soldiers pose behind a pyramid of hooded and naked Iraqi prisoners.

  11. A hooded and wired Iraqi prisoner at Abu Ghraib prison who reportedly was told that he would be electrocuted if he fell off a box.

  12. Oldest Town in the World • Ruins of Jericho • Ancient origins of warfare • Archaeologists have found that roughly 8000 years ago, Jericho’s inhabitants constructed a huge stone wall • Dug a most twenty-four feet wide and eight feet deep • All to protect themselves from outside attack

  13. Oldest Town in the World • Residents had good reason to worry • War in the ancient world was usually “TOTAL WAR” • Fighting extended beyond the battlefield • Soldiers were killed • Women & children enslaved • Land, livestock & possessions of the defeated were divided among the victors as war booty • Today we call this genocide

  14. Where did our law come from? The Roman Republic “Carthaginian peace” • In 3rd century BC, Rome defeated Carthage……..twice • Carthaginians were stripped of their colonies & navy • Forced to pay large sums of gold & silver to Rome

  15. Where did our law come from? Romans still afraid Carthaginians would revive again to threaten Rome --insisted on TOTAL destruction of Carthage

  16. Where did our law come from? Carthage turned over hostages & weapons to appease Romans Rome attacked again Carthage resisted but were beaten into resistance Romans razed Carthage to the ground Sold the remaining 50,000 Carthaginians into slavery Plowed the surrounding fields with salt • Worst of all, the ROMAN PEOPLE approved

  17. Where did our law come from? So what IS Carthiginian Peace? The TOTAL destruction of an enemy

  18. What is a just war? Well…….what IS a just war in your opinion?

  19. What is a just war? • During the Middle Ages, the church entered the scene • The church determined privates wars of aggression by feudal lords seeking personal gain were not just • However, wars are JUST • Fought to resist attack • Restore the peace • Punish evil-doers • Avenge injuries • Prevent injustice • Promote the interests of the church

  20. Chivalry • This is where the code of behavior known as chivalry came from • This code gained acceptance among the heavily armored knights of Europe in the Middle Ages • It was generally ignored when the foe was non-Christian or thought to be a heretic (dissenter)

  21. World War I • The costliest war the world had experienced • 10 million people died fighting • 5 million civilians died of disease & starvation • Used the entire industrial capacity of modern states • Sacrificed national economies for wartime goals • Ended some of Europe’s oldest empires • Introduced the idea of self-rule based on ethnic, racial & religious identity (this concept still causes wars today)

  22. World War I • The costliest war the world had experienced • The war which led to the rise of Nazi Germany • Caused the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia • Sowed the seeds for the Cold War • First time the US participated in a global struggle & found itself center stag in determining world affairs

  23. Woodrow Wilson • An educator • 1902 = Princeton University President • 1911 = New Jersey Governor • 1913 = President Little support from Washington politicians

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