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Pest des Petits Ruminants

Pest des Petits Ruminants. Pest of Small Ruminants Pest of Sheep and Goats Stomatitis-Pneumoenteritis Complex or Syndrome Pseudorinderpest of Small Ruminants Kata Goat Plague Contagious Pustular Stomatitis. Overview. Organism Economic Impact Epidemiology Transmission Clinical Signs

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Pest des Petits Ruminants

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  1. Pest des Petits Ruminants

  2. Pest of Small Ruminants Pest of Sheep and Goats Stomatitis-Pneumoenteritis Complex or Syndrome Pseudorinderpest of Small Ruminants Kata Goat Plague Contagious Pustular Stomatitis

  3. Overview Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 Organism Economic Impact Epidemiology Transmission Clinical Signs Diagnosis and Treatment Prevention and Control Actions to Take

  4. The Organism

  5. The Organism Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • Family Paramyxoviridae • Genus Morbillivirus • Closely related to rinderpest virus • Very similar antigenically • Antibodies are cross-protective • Viruses are distinct

  6. Importance

  7. History Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • 1942: Cote d’Ivoire in West Africa • Soon spread to Nigeria, Senegal, and Ghana • 1972: Sudan • 1990s: Re-emerging as a result of decreases in veterinary services

  8. Economic Impact Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • Presence of disease can limit: • Trade and export • Import of new breeds • Development of intensive livestock production • Loss of animal protein for human consumption

  9. Epidemiology

  10. Species Affected Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • Principally goats and sheep • Cattle and pigs seroconvert but do not develop or transmit disease • Wild ungulates can be affected • Gazelle, deer, ibex, gemsbok • Limited information on species susceptibility, occurrence of disease

  11. Geographic Distribution Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • Africa • South of the Sahara • North of the equator • Middle East • Parts of Asia • Indian subcontinent

  12. Morbidity and Mortality Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • Young animals most affected • Ages 2 months to 2 years • Varies by species, immunity, breed • Morbidity and mortality rates • Up to 100% in naïve herds • Lower in endemic areas • High case fatality rate • Exotic ungulates

  13. Transmission

  14. Transmission Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • Close contact, inhalation • Virus shed in nasal and ocular secretions, saliva, urine, and feces • Long-term carriers unlikely • Role of fomites unclear • Do not remain infectious for long

  15. Disease in Animals

  16. Clinical Signs Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • Incubation period • 2 to 10 days • Peracute • Acute • High fever • Serous nasal, ocular discharge becomes mucopurulent • Hyperemic gums, necrotic oral lesions

  17. Clinical Signs Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • Profuse diarrhea • Dehydration • Emaciation • Rapid respiration,dyspnea • Abortion • Skin nodules around muzzle • Subacute, asymptomatic disease

  18. Post Mortem Lesions Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • Inflammatory and necrotic lesions • Oral cavity • GI tract • Emaciation • Erosive lesions “zebra stripes” • Bronchopneumonia • Enlarged lymph nodes

  19. Sampling Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease

  20. Clinical Diagnosis Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • PPR should be considered in: • Sheep, goats, or gazelle • Acutely febrile, highly contagious disease • Oral or GI signs

  21. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 PPR in a goat:Dried exudate on the muzzle and around the eye resulting from rhinitis and conjunctivitis

  22. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 PPR in a goat:Necrosis (whitish areas) of the epithelium on the tongue and pharynx

  23. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 PPR in a goat: purulent eye and nose dischargesDischarges from the nose and eyes in advanced PPR infection; the hair below the eyes is wet and there is matting together of the eyelids as well as partial blockage of the nostrils by dried-up purulent discharges

  24. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 PPR in a goat: inflamed (reddened) eye membranesReddening of the mucous membranes of the eye (the conjunctiva) in the early stages of infection. Note the purulent eye discharges.

  25. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 PPR in a goat: early mouth lesions showing areas of dead cellsEarly pale, grey areas of dead cells on the gums

  26. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 PPR in a goat: later mouth lesionsThe membrane lining the mouth is completely obscured by a thick cheesy material; shallow erosions are found underneath the dead surface cel

  27. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 PPR in a goat: swollen, eroded lipsThe lips are swollen, oedematous and show areas of erosion.

  28. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 PPR in a goat: signs of diarrhoeaThe hindquarters are soiled with liquid faeces.

  29. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 PPR in a goat: nodular lesions around the mouthSuch nodules are a common finding in the later stages of PPR infection.

  30. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 PPR in a goat: the early lesions of pneumoniaNote the small, red, solid areas of lung tissue caused directly by PPR virus infection.

  31. Differential Diagnosis Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 Rinderpest Bluetongue Contagious ecthyma Foot and mouth disease Heartwater Coccidiosis Mineral poisoning Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia Pasteurellosis

  32. Laboratory Diagnosis Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • Virus isolation • Antigen detection • RT-PCR • Serology • Samples • Discharges, oral lesions, whole blood

  33. Treatment Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • No specific treatment • Drugs to control bacterial and parasitic complications • May decrease mortality • Supportive care

  34. Disease in Humans Humans are not affected

  35. Prevention and Control

  36. Recommended Actions Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • IMMEDIATELY notify authorities • Federal • Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC) http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/area_offices/ • State • State veterinarian www.usaha.org/stateanimalhealthofficials.aspx • Quarantine

  37. Prevention and Control Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 Quarantine Movement controls Euthanasia of infected and exposed animals Cleaning and disinfection of infected premises

  38. Vaccination Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • Outbreaks • Ring vaccination, high-risk populations • Endemic areas • Used to control disease • Vaccine types • Attenuated rinderpest vaccine • Homologous, attenuated PPR vaccine • Recombinant vaccine

  39. Disinfection Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • PPR virus killed by most common disinfectants • Alkalis (sodium carbonate, hydroxide) • Halogens (sodium hypochlorite) • 2% for 24 hours • Phenolic compounds • Citric Acid • Alcohols • Iodophores

  40. Additional Resources Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 • World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) • www.oie.int • U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) • www.aphis.usda.gov • Center for Food Security and Public Health • www.cfsph.iastate.edu • USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases(“The Gray Book”) • http://www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/downloads/nahems/fad.pdf

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