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Understanding Pulmonary Ventilation: Mechanics of Breathing and Gas Exchange

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This section delves into pulmonary ventilation, the process of air movement into and out of the lungs. It examines Boyle’s Law, the relationship between pressure and volume, and the role of the diaphragm and rib movements in air flow. The concepts of lung compliance, intrapulmonary pressure versus atmospheric pressure, and the respiratory cycle, including tidal volume and the mechanisms of quiet and forced breathing, are explored. The section also introduces gas exchange principles, including Dalton's and Henry’s laws, and highlights factors influencing respiratory efficiency.

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Understanding Pulmonary Ventilation: Mechanics of Breathing and Gas Exchange

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  1. Chapter 23, part 3 The Respiratory System

  2. SECTION 23-7Pulmonary Ventilation

  3. Pulmonary Ventilation • The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs

  4. Air movement • Movement of air depends upon • Boyle’s Law • Pressure and volume inverse relationship • Volume depends on movement of diaphragm and ribs • Pressure and airflow to the lungs • Compliance – an indication of the expandability of the lungs

  5. Figure 23.14 Respiratory Pressure and Volume Relationships Figure 23.14a, b

  6. Pressure changes during inhalation and exhalation • Relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure determines direction of air flow • Intrapleural pressure maintains pull on lungs • Pressure in the space between parietal and visceral pleura

  7. Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation Figure 23.15

  8. Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation Figure 23.15a-d

  9. Respiratory cycle • Single cycle of inhalation and exhalation • Amount of air moved in one cycle = tidal volume PLAY Animation: Pulmonary Ventilation

  10. Figure 23.16 Pressure Changes during Inhalation and Exhalation Figure 23.16

  11. Mechanisms of breathing • Quiet breathing (eupnea) • Diaphragm and external and internal intercostals muscles • Forced breathing (hyperpnea) • Accessory muscles

  12. Figure 23.17 The Respiratory Muscles Figure 23.17a-d

  13. Respiratory volumes • Alveolar volume • Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute • Tidal Volume (VT) • Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath • Vital capacity • Tidal volume plus expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes • Residual volume • Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation

  14. Figure 23.18 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Figure 23.18

  15. SECTION 23-8Gas Exchange

  16. The gas laws • Daltons Law and partial pressure • Individual gases in a mixture exert pressure proportional to their abundance • Diffusion between liquid and gases (Henry’s law) • The amount of gas in solution is directly proportional to their partial pressure

  17. Figure 23.19 Henry’s Law and the Relationship between Solubility and Pressure Figure 23.19

  18. Figure 23.19 Henry’s Law and the Relationship between Solubility and Pressure Figure 23.19a-c

  19. Diffusion and respiratory function • Gas exchange across respiratory membrane is efficient due to: • Differences in partial pressure • Small diffusion distance • Lipid-soluble gases • Large surface area of all alveoli • Coordination of blood flow and airflow

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