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Agriculture

Agriculture. Define- Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain. II. First agriculture revolution Hunters and gatherers 1 st agricultural revolution – domestication (10-12,000 years ago)

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Agriculture

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  1. Agriculture • Define- Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

  2. II. First agriculture revolution • Hunters and gatherers • 1st agricultural revolution – domestication (10-12,000 years ago) • Animals – evidence, purpose Domesticated after plants

  3. D. Hearth areas 1. Vegetative Southeast Asia, West Africa South America 2. Seeds India / Fertile Crescent East China, Mesoamerica

  4. III. Impact of domestication • Social • 1. Settlements • Social stratification • social evolution • 3. Writing • B. Economic • 1. Division of labor • Accumulation of material goods (wealth) • Wealth = need for security, army

  5. Demographic • Population growth • Sanitation • Epidemics (proximity) • Diet • D. Environmental - • Deforestation • Desertification, salinization • More hours of labor

  6. III. Second agricultural revolution III. Second agricultural revolution • IV. Second agricultural revolution • When • Climate • C. Innovations- techniques, technologies • D. Hearth area, diffusion • E. Impact D New techniques New technologies C. Hearth area, diffusion D. Impact

  7. V. Third - "Green Revolution" A. When B. Innovations C. Diffusion C. Impact - Moral economy

  8. World Agriculture Regions

  9. VI. Agriculture in LDCs A. Shifting agr (swidden, slash and burn) B. Pastoral nomadism • Intensive subsistence agr (rice) mulberry, fish, rice system

  10. D. Plantations Coffee Dollar Enclave economy Slavery/para-slavery

  11. VII. Agriculture in MDCs • Characteristics commercial, capital intensive large scale – US avg 449 acres US – 5% farms produce 75% total agr

  12. B. Dairy farming C. Grain farming • Livestock ranching Mixed farming

  13. Labor Force in Agriculture, 2005 Fig. 10-3: A large proportion of workers in most LDCs are in agriculture, while only a small percentage of workers in MDCs are engaged in agriculture.

  14. VIII. Von Thunen Isolated State Model • distance and transport costs • Assumptions • Concentric zones • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4.

  15. IX. Global food supply • A. Distribution • Actual v. relative scarcity • B. International policies • Agricultural monopolies • Biofuels • Political instability • Urbanization • Environmental issues • D. Local instability

  16. Undernourished Proportion Fig. 10-16: The proportion of under-nourished population has declined in most LDCs, but is much higher in sub-Saharan Africa than in other areas of the world.

  17. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602041_3.html?sid=ST2008042602333http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602041_3.html?sid=ST2008042602333

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