Best Insight IAS Academy History Notes

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2. https://bit.ly/2AmHYDx(hardcopy) r click here to joingroup clickhereto joingroup fI Modem India j IASMain Examination ffi. ",;t .', EUROPEAN'PENETRATIONf;ij,;:�:..:; . ·. . ..·· INTO INDIAIi\� . ..· . . -··.J.. i D�!;I; .. . . ·. Tfie arrival Df Vasco da Gama, a nobleman from the household of the King of Portugal,atI �� Thea�ival ofPortui;uesein lndia· .. ;,; I � ..:' history. For some time, the Portuguese, among other Europeans, had been looking for a sea routeI the port of Calicut in so�th-west India on 27 May 1498 inaugurated a new chapter in IndianmJ to India,buttheyhadbeenunabletobreakfreeofthestranglehold exercisedbyEgyptianrulersoverffl the trade between Europe and Asia. The Red Sea trade route was a state monopoly from whichI I Islamicrulers earned tremendousrevenues)\ In the fifteenth centwy, the mantle;,o, ·f,,:p,:::l:J/d:2,sifo,>,:n:d.:o, ··n.<fs' ry;,,,s:i,;�yi_;;:,11seto [slam had fa,'lle. n upon Po.rtugal;w.� ··:·_ _<"_\:,·-:C.·<-�.·_'.>·.·_·_.·:··•.·-,:;i',•.'�:(:_,:_:·t5 moreover, the Portug.uese had inherit&Ethe Genoesetraditi9irofexploration. It is rep01ied that the� : ....:.·..·Y:it,::\,'•.·:._•,s onlinekhanmarket.com idea of finding an ocean route to Oceanhacl bccome anb§sessionfor Henry the Navigator ( l 394-� 1460), and he was also keen to fitid a way to circumventthe Mus.lirn domiirntion of the easternfl Mediterranean and all the routes that connected lndiaJ() furope. In 1454, -f�cnry received a bull(! (Papal charter) from Pope Nicholas V, which conferred onhim the right to navigate the "sea to the { distantshoresoftheOrient'',morespecifically"asfarasIndia;',whoseinhabitantsweretobebrought!,1 to helpChristians "against the enemies ofthefaith". By the terms of the Treaty ofTrodesilhas ( 1494), all new tetritories were divided betweenSpain.. and Pot!ugal. The stage was thus setfor the Po1iugueseincursions into the waters surrounding India.p In 1487, the Po11uguese navigator, BartholomewDias, rounded the "Cape of Good 1:1ope", and soI': opened the sea route to India. Ar1expeditidn:<5ffour shipsheaded out to India in 1497, and arrived! in India in slightly less than eleven months' time. The coming of the otiuguese introduced several �i new factors into Indian history. As almost every historian has observed, it not only initiated whati:r� mightbe called the European era, it marked the emergence of naval power. Doubtless, the Cholas,� amongothers, hadbeenanavalpower,butforthefirsttimeaforeignpowerhadcometoIndiabyNI way of the sea; moreover, Portuguese dominance would only extend to the coasts, since they were�; never able to make any significant inroads into the Indian interior.The Portuguese ships carried�� cannon, but the significance of this is not commonly realized, especially by those who arc merely i inclined to view the ortuguese as one of a series of invaders of India, or even as specimens of Iffi§ 'entc1vrising'Europeans. For centwics, the numerous participants in the Indian Ocean tra,ding system Indians.Arabs. fricans·: from the east coast, hinese, Javanese, Sumatrans, among othcrs--had ploughed the sea routes and:1 adher�dtovarioustacLtrulesofconduct.Thoughallwere inthetradeforprofitasmightbeexpected,l"'. noparty__sQ��1ght tb�1c ( \'Crwhelming dominanc�; �e1�tainli119onc h;1d c1.ughito c1lf<.l�eH1 fr i(j'TNS!Gi(f powerthrough anns. Trade flourished. and all the partiesplayed theirrole ir1 putting do n pir"i1C)': ffii ; as a free trade zone. Intothis aren stepped f rththePortuguese, ho at once decl,:rcc!their tAS ACADEMY· onlinekhanmarket.com https://bit.ly/2x0gaQo(bestcoaching) https://bit.ly/2Mg4cgd(bestcoaching)

3. https://bit.ly/2AmHYDx(hardcopy) Modern India . :T imention foahideby no rules except their own, and who sough! immediate anddecisie advanrage ;toverthe[ndiansandovertheIndian Oceantradingsystem. IASMain Examination f�ijlThe conduct of the Portuguese in India was 'barbaric'. Vasco da Gama's initiai conduct setthe fl.-......&i•tone.OnhiswaytoIndia,heencounteredanunarme'dvesselreturningfromMecca;asa '\.•····•/:,_,,;contemporaryPortug�esesourcestates,daGamaordererdtheshipemptiedofits-goods, andthen / �haditsetonfire,prohibiting"anyMoor"beingtakenfomitalive.HethenspenLfourmonths ·-''\::/-=.J i� India. Havingwaitedout:thei:nonsoons;hesetouttore(umtoPortugal i_thacargOAVOrt�sixty �Etuneswhathehadbroughtwithh1m;andrefusedtopaythecustomaryportdut1estotheZarilotm,the ,. · ruler of Calicut. To e�slire that his way v.iould not be obstructed, he took a fe\V hostageswith Ihim.WhenhereturnedtoPortugalin1499, thepepperhebroughtwithhimwassoldatanencim1ous Iprofit;andnothingunderscorestheimportanceofdirectaccesstothepeppertradeasmuchasthe � . . ifactthatelsewheretheEuropeans,whoreliedonMuslirnmiddlemen,wouldhavetospendtentimes I as much for ti��same �mo�nt ofpepper. Emboldenefi: b�rthirus�c_cess,-�ing _Dom_ �r�_nu�l se�1t �another exped1t1en-ofs1x-shtpSheadediJyPedto Cabral. Wttblt�tn-1suabgnorance of, anddisdam Ifor,localcustoms,CabralandthePortuguesesentalow-caste Hii1duas-0.messengertotheZamorin � l •·• � !upontheiranivalatport.Meanwhile,thePortuguesewereclaimingthesolerighttothesea.Cabral ®attackedallArabvesselswithinhisreach,whichprovokedariotattheportthatledtothedestruction {�iofthePortuguese_factory:CabralretaliatedintheonlywayknowntoaPo1tuguesemarauderand banditofhistimes:hemassacredthecrewsoftheboats, andburntalltheslursthatwerenothis �}own.·Theintent,whichwouldberepeatedlywitnessedinthehistoryofPonugueseinteractionswith �!thelndian·s(and\Vithothers),wastobrutalize.andterrorizethenativepopulation,andwithevident onlinekhanmarket.com • .J�justice,thatCabral's.behaviorpersuadedtheIndiansthat''theintmderswereuncivilisedbarbarians, ·treacheroLIS ariduntrnstworthy". �-Porttiguese Governors inrndia ,;; In March 1505, Francisco de Almeida was appointed Viceroy oflndia, on the condition thathe :\ would set u1j four forts on_ the southwestern Indian coast: at Anjediva Island, Cannanorc, nCochinandQ0uiIon. FranciscodeAlmeidaleftPortugalwithafleetof22vesselswith1,500men.In lseptember, Francisco·de Almeida reached Anjadip Island, where he imm<::diately startedthe �constructionofFo11Anjediva.InOctober,withthepennissionofthefriendlymlerofCannanore,he �sta1ted building St.Angelo Fo11 at Caimanore, leaving Lourern;:o de Brito in charge with 150men ii and two ships. Francisco de Alnieida then reached Cochin in October 1505 with only 8vessels �left.TherehelearnedthatthePortuguesetrad�rsatQuilonhadbeenkilled.Hedecidedtosendhis �son Lourern;o de Almeida with 6 ships, who d_estroyed 27 Calicut vessels in {he harboror t1Quilon.AlmeidalookupresidenceinCochin.HestrengthenedthePottuguesefortificationsofFort !i ManuelonCochin. f.i} �..�The Zamorin prepared a large fleet of 200 ships to oppose the -Portuguese, but in M rch �1506 Lourern;o de Almeida (sonofFrancisco-de �rneida) was victorious in a sea battle althe fjentrancetothehad;orofCannanore,theBattleoCCannanore (l506),animpo1tantsetbackforthe '.J fleet of the Zamorin. Thereupon Lourcn�o de Almeida Cplorcd the coastal waters southwards \toColombo,inwhatisnoSriLanka.I0nCannanorc,however,.i1nernler,hostiletothe Poitug�uesca·ndfriendlywiththeZamorin,attadedthPortuguesgarrison,leadingtotheSiege ofCannaiiorc (1507). AiINSIGHT 'i3 IASACADEMY 2 deAlbuquerque'ssquadronhad,hoe\'cr_splitfromthatofCunhaoffEastfricaandas In1507Almeida'smissionwasstrengthenedbythearrivalofTristandaCunha'ssquadron.Afr.inso onlinekhanmarket.com https://bit.ly/2x0gaQo(bestcoaching) https://bit.ly/2Mg4cgd(bestcoaching)

4. https://bit.ly/2AmHYDx(hardcopy) independe11fly co11cfL1cring te1Tito1'ies i1lthc Petsia 1.Gnlfto the \VCS[ l11 M�frch r 508 a Pol'tiigllCSC l ModernIndia squadron under commandSoufltLaonuartcerfn;oleedte AatlmCeidhau·wl aasnadttaDckaebdubl yr easpcoemcbt iivneldyM, laemdelbuky� !ASMain t'<Examination the aEdgmyipratlisanM.iarnocdeGmuajnadrMateliqueaz in the BattlereosfiCstahnacue! (w15as0,8J1)0.wLeovuerer,ntc;:oobdeeAlmeida lost his lifeIQ • decisivel·y defeatedatI •$,]����:'-:/ • athfte�BraafittelercoeffDigihut(iln5t0h9is).battle.'M.a.m·luk-Indian • .Alfons?De'Albuquerque(i 09�1�)\vas·th.e.f:�ond_P.ortu.g. t1�s.e,t�vernoi-.He was the real founder i,I\.. .'\�/..-/•~-'� . . tohfePno�rmtubgeureosfeheimsspuipr�einrtersd.Tial:1}elperoedriuccotusr�afgtehdehseis111caonuinatgreysIU\veenrtekonmoa,vrrnyaIsnFdcirainngi..vhoemese�An.ltbouiqnucererqausee ·-�rl --��--�,madeprovisionsfortheedLicationofthenatjvesandretainedIndiansysmofgove1J�·rnent(Village� i- Panchayats)inthevillages.Hetookst�p,$MlprohibitthepracticeofSati.. ;ent \t A11ew fleetunder Marshal Femao{?otitlh 6 Arrived with specific instructions to destroythepofwerfji �� :xla!m�--... J______BofuZ.ttahm_eokrining's'.sCfoalricceust.r.aTUheie:�da·faitrsGtritoti:f�ifi�llaJvl'&laers{hvalsCcauptitnuhreod:;ia.nndd_wdoeustnrdoeydeAdalnbduqthuercqituyew.Aaslbsueqt ounerqiruee. ilI j�,j., n15ev1e3rttho�plerosstewcatsPcolretvuegrueensoeuignhtetroepstastcinh uMpahlais!Jqaur:aHn-oelsatinlidtieenstwereerdeirnetoneawtredatwy h.weinthtthheePZoarmtuogruinesine! I bra! attempted to ass ssinate the Zamorin so.ftle1i111�be.ttfel1 l515 and 1518. [n l510 , Afonso deI -tion and .. Albuquerquedefeated the Bija �s4tta� �fl1tfreHflpq(f@c1.yY�, on behalfoftheHinduVuayanagara M Empire, leading to the establpishajeriip¥\i"pennan;�tslrti5ml�it in Velha Goa(or Old Goa).The ! ffl :his '. Southern Province, also kno\Vn�i�plyisGoa, wastlig'fi6aijq� ers ofPortuguese India, and seat!� vith ti.. � e'Po1iugueseviceroy\vl1o'gove;nedthe,Portugueseposs�sidnsinAsia.TherewereP01iuguese·i�· onlinekhanmarket.com icnt i Ofth settlements inandaro d"Myfapore;Tfef Luz"Churchin Jv1ylap6fe, Madras (Chennai) wa the fi stl� ans, r �J.· churchthatthePortugu�sebuiltinMadrasin1516.Latei:iri1522)heSaoTomechurchwasbuilton�} Thom?S.ThePorWguese acquired several territories from the Sultansof-Gujarat: flr the graveofSaint � :thefi 1 ) Daman (occupied 153 l , orrnally cedea 1539); Salsefre, Bombay, and Bac;:airn (occupied 1534 ;f f f and Diu (ceded1535). ore, [i• ;1.thIne TalhoensgetphoescseosassitofnrsobmecDaammeatnhetoNC01hthaueml,aPnrdovininpcleacoefsP3o0r-tu5g0ueksmeIinlaian,dw. ThihcehperxotvenindceedwalamsorustleId00fokmni [t\; I r . ......,.. :,he the fortress-townofBac;airn. :: men Fromthe16thcentury,thePortuguese m�ddledinthechurchaffairsoftheSyrianChristiansorjfr; (: .sets alabar. The Udayarnperoor Synod (1599) was a major attempt by the PortugueseArchbishop�; jhis Menezes toLatinizethe CrossOathledtotl!edivisionofthelocal church intoSyrianCathoSlyicrsiaannrditSey.rLiaatneCr ihnr1is6t5ia3n,sC(oJaocnoabnites).Bombay (present day Mumbai) wasii" ,Froo1if gIIivoefnEtonBgl1aintadin. Mino·!s6t"6o1fatshpeaNii orftthheernPoPrtruogvuinesceePwrianscelossstCtaoththee1inMe oarfaBthraagsainnza17's3d9o,warnydtoPCorhtaurgleaslJ ;ii arch acquired Dadra and Nagar Havcli in 1779. In 1843 the capital was shilledto Panjim, then renamed @ tthe "NovaGoa",whenitofficiallybecametheadministrativeseatofPrniugucscIndia,replacingthecity-� rthe of VeIha Goa (now Old Goa), although the Viceroys lived there already since December1759. Before moving to the city, the iceroy remodeled the fortress orAdil Khan, transforming it into a �t:�! uarcdscs nore T�h�e�Po- rtuguese also shipped over many Orfas de! Rei to Portuguese d\lonics in I 11dia,Goa.in {:;· poarp1ihicaunlsars.eOntrfatosodvee!rRseeai slicteorlaolnlyietsratnosmlataersryloe"itOhreprhPaonr-slUogfutheescKs1e11tgtl"e;rasnodrtnhaeyiiv\\e'Csrc\\'Pit(h)lihUigghuessteatguisrl. ,?�-����fo{tr onso as ThustherearcPo1iugucscfootprintsalloverthewesternandeastern coatsorIndia.thoughGoa<3 onlinekhanmarket.com https://bit.ly/2x0gaQo(bestcoaching) https://bit.ly/2Mg4cgd(bestcoaching)

5. https://bit.ly/2AmHYDx(hardcopy) Mo:demfndta !t)ecar ethe capitalofPorrugucscGoa froni l530onwards unJil the annexation ofGoa properand ;the entire Estadocla India Portuguesa, andits ei:ger wi-t!Hhe Jndian Union int9I. IASMain Examination ��ThearrivalofDutchinIndia •�/·-_-_-�:,·-�IiIn1593ADunderWillia�BarentstheDutchmadetheirfirstdetenninedefforttoreachAsia.Huyghen i_•; "'./Itheret1lll)�9A?.CorneliusHoutman�aDL'.tchc1t1zenre�chedfndt�1111596ADa_ndr�tumedwtth•. i /I Van L'.nsc�1oten was t_he h�t Duteh national to re��h India. He reac_h�d Goa in 1583A Dandstay�d \. t l -·-��-==ff large ca:go m I )97AD. Betwe�nl59) AD and lJO [A°; fifteen voyag;:5h�d been py-the_Dutchto. iEast Indies,TheDutc!1EasOndiaCompanywastorrt1ed ml602A:Dbyanorderofthegovem1nentff IJJofHolland.Thiscom1jany'sname wasVereenigddeOostIndischeCompagilie(VOC). (� TheDutchgotfavourab leresponsefromtherulersof.Goll11nda.Theygottl�erighttomintcoininthe jPulicatmintin1657fomGolkundakin_g.Bythe·fuimar�of1676theGo\kundarulergrantedthe i ( t r !;·Dutch complete freedom from tariffs in Golkunda.Tbe,Dtitb1'1rslic ededingetting fam1an fom the ..--�K.·-··-··(.z 1Mughal Emperor Jahangir for trading along the west cost. ?fh f ef :exemptedfrQJI\.tolls.Jrom. r I -� -$ Burhanpur:to Cambay andAhmadabad. Shah Jahan granted total e�emption to the companyfrom IpayingtransitthroughouttheMughalEmpire.Aurangzebconfowedalltheprivilegesgrantedby ij fShaltjahan to the Dutch in Bengal in 1662. Jahandar S'hah confim1ed all the privileges grantedby fl f� mAura11gzeb in Coromandal in1712. !Initiallytheheadqua11ersofDutchwasatPulicatafterobtainingpennissionfromkingofChandragiri �i: tiVenkatrandin1690Negapattnambecametheirhcadqua1iers.TheDutchmintedagoldcoinmimed ,,,,,.,.. t; r fff;jPagoda.TheDutchestablishedtheirfirstfactmyatMasulipattnamin1605Af}Theirfirstfactoryin onlinekhanmarket.com ·( l BengalwasestablishedatPipli.AftersometimeRalasorereplacedPipIi.TheDutchusedtocxdiangc r ft�1spicesofMalayaArchipelagoforcottongoodsfomGujratandtheCoromanda!coas!.The[)utch usedtoexpo11 Cottoncloths,silk,saltpetreandopiumfromBengal.TheyshatteredthePo11uguese � commercialmonopolyinIndia.TheDutchdominatdthetradebetweenIndiaand.favaduring171" �'century.They populari ed spice and textile trade, besides they ex.ported indigo, saltpetre andRaw ;.Silk.TheDutchcommercialactivitiesbegantodeclinebythebeginningof18thcentury. tTheDutch ere dde�1tccl by the English in the Baille of Bedera in 1759 and with this defatrthe ;1DutchinlluenceinIndiaalmostcametoanend.TheEnglishdecidedtodri-vetheDutchawayfom llitheirIndianpossessions.Th;EnglishjoinedhandswiththePortuguese inIndiatodrivetheDutch mout. By 1795, the English succeeded in expelling the Dutchcompletely. f;i mrnEnglish East IndiaCompanv m The "English Trading ompany" was formed by a group of merchants known as the'Merchant �Adventures, in 1599AD.Thiscompany as granted a cha1ierby Queen Elizabeth I on 31st Dec. rn 1600AD. 'The Gcivernor and the ompany ofMerchants of London trading into East Indies'was x �the name ofEnglishcompany. Thisco pany was g1vcn monopoly 1ightsover eastemtracle fi fitlecn ra �years. !�In1608 D aptain Wi1liam Ha kin reached {he court ()fJa!iangir. Hawkins as the ambas adorii ofKing James I. He lived at the court for three years. !k as given the title of English Khanand ... Ma·nsab of400 Jat by Jahangir. But because ofPor-tt1gucse influence at the court. Ha kins f iledto -,,: get permission to erccl a fac{ory alSurat. 0 �1���;t���li;'ln 1611 aptMiddfoton landed at S ally near ura! in spite of'Portuguesc opposition and got p rmission to tradefromthe ughal goHTnor In I (i12 I) Capt. Best defeated the Portugueseat 4 .··. Swally near Surat and thi defeat broke their naval suprt:macy. Captain Bes! succeeded i11 gettinga onlinekhanmarket.com https://bit.ly/2x0gaQo(bestcoaching) https://bit.ly/2Mg4cgd(bestcoaching)

6. https://bit.ly/2AmHYDx(hardcopy) I n G ain \Vest bay hmadabada :oast,Su royal arr an to open factories itl1 l LL Modernndia d o rat.Can ,A � � � j : I � n� _ AD, 1r1homasRoe(t6t :.:f8) came to the court ot Jahangir as the Royal ambassador of KmgI IASMain James I and received pem1ission to trade and establish factories in different partsoftheempire. IExami n ation The firstEnglishfactoryinsouth wasestablishedatMasulipattn(_uninl6llAD.Anotherfactorywas I ____:" :__,, - � J I company the GolderiFarman. This farrnan allowed t em to trade withi the ports fthe_ki,t!�don} f ° _ establishedatAnnagaon(nearPulicat)in1626AD.(nl632ADtheSultanofGolkundaissuedthe •$1' · ·• ._- �h, _•: , /· ✓-_ , _ ·_• h � � fMreaedlyraosn"frloumnJtphseuRmajpaaoyfmCehnatrfodfr5ag00iripwagitohdpaesna11yisesairo.n[ntol b63u9ildAaDfo.Fr�tiafinecd1sfaDcatyoryol:J.TtaI11nlsefaqtchteorsyit\�voasf, ·_•_·_\/..,__ _�.;,.,,�..; _ . i�.;,;-.=.··-····�-�­ named Fort St. George. In Sep. l 641 AD Madras replaced Masulipattnam as th� headquartersof ; theEnglishontheCoromandalcoaslAll.theEriglishsettlementsinEasternIndia(Bengal,BiharandIj f· GOeriosrsgae).aTnhdethPeoCrtuogroumesaengd�a,v.l�wJher�eispfloancde�do:u:Bndoefr1i'bthaey·ctoonKtriongloCfhtharelePsreIIsoidfeEnnt ganladnCdoinudnociwloryfFinm1t6S6t1. Ii [t �1 AD.BombaywasgiventoCOlJl.PMJ:'iit1l668ADon annualrentof£I0. Thereaft·e,rBombayreplaced� }-·---Surat as the headquarters on the west coast. Bombay \vas Tortified in I 720 by C~harlesBoon. n� ' i� Expansion ofthe factories of En!c!lish East IndiaCompany TBhaelaEsongreliashndesPtaipblliis1h11e1d6t3h3eiArfiDr.stIfnac1t6o5ry!iSnhOarhisSshauajtaH,tahriehgaropvuerr(nnoeraorfthBeemngoault,hgorfarnitveedrMtheahEanngaldisi)h,I TradingCompanyaNishanthroughw.hichtheyreceivedtradingprivilegesinreturnforafixedannual�l�l payment ofRs._3000. By ai10ther is�an the Eng!ish Company was exempted from Custom duties!!� onlinekhanmarket.com in 1�56First English facforyinBengal_was established at Hughli in 1651 AD. ln 1667 AD Aurangzeb�j i an, the Mughal governor � confim1ed the i)Iivil�ges e1tjo·y�d bytte:co1_11pany. In 1672 ADShayista Kf f' orBengal confrrm_ed·thepriv_ileges-enjoyed by thecompany. UInplo686htn itwohts epirateguM hs\1ipsogta (Shipsronrev ofEnglish free traders) captured several Mugha! ships in Red Sea.�l of Surat attacked the English. Hostilities broke o ti B galalso.. Hughli was sacked by lheMughals, The English were forced to leave Hugh!i. Aurangzebgranted . ·th mepermission to trade, on payme ofRs. 1,50,000 as compensation. In 1691 ADJob Charnock eerexsteamblpisethdedfraomfacthtoeroyf!-lctuSsutotamnadtui.tiIensi1n691enAgDalAinurraenut grznebof gr raannatendnuaaflaprmayamn-ebnytwofhlictsh3t0h0e0y. wTehreet.­i� bellion ofShoba Singh, a Zamindar ofBurdwan provided oppo1tunity to the English to for1i!y the'i SirWilliamNoi;iswassentasaspecialenvoybytheEnglishking toAurangzeb'scou11losecurether settlement atSutanati.·· 7'.\• :;,:: fomrnl grant ofthe trading concessions nd the right to exercise full English jurisdiction over the lJ English settlements in 1698 AD. In the same year British acquired the Zamindari ofthe villagesof/: Sthuetanati, Ka!ikata and Govindpur from Mughal governor Azirnush Shah 011 paymentofRs 1200 to'{ AfgohraigniRnaalhpimropKrhieatnorpsr.oTvhideseedtthhreeEenvgillliasgheospcpreos1tteudnitthyetnoufocl1e1iufsyoCfamlcoudtteam.ItCwaalcsuntatam.TedheFroe1b1eWllilolniaomrI } ( 1700 AD). Sir Charles Eyre was the first president offor1 William. All settlements in Bengal, Bihar ··· and Orissa were placed under Fo1t William ( l 700AD) Emperor Farruksivar'sFarman " In 1717 AD the Presider\cics of:Bc1mbay, Madras and Ca!culla sent a combined mission to 1he cou11 -"· ofEmperorFamtksiyar. The mission was led by John Surman. Dr. William Hamilton was a member iJ· • ,, :. . l1· :<A INSIGHI .. ! I' k. 0t,IllCSurmancomm1ss1on. C cure farru s1 ar ol a pa111 ll Crscasc. le re ICVC( ·arru ·s,y,ir }V !ASACADEMY f' 1· ·r1 . k. ll d granted the company three Fannans in 1717 AD for dut ee trade These Fa1111ans ofFarruksi_ ar·.. v . ( 1717) arc called the Magna Carta oftheCompany . onlinekhanmarket.com https://bit.ly/2x0gaQo(bestcoaching) https://bit.ly/2Mg4cgd(bestcoaching)

7. https://bit.ly/2AmHYDx(hardcopy) :; 8y thisfannanth�C?1nrany \ asgranted rigllt tq{i11ty free trade i Bengalinlieuofmra!i:tHiai i ModemIndia IASMain·lpaytlierifofRs: 3000.TheCon1panywasalsoallowedtowherevertheypleasedandrentadditional itetTitory around Calcutta. in case ofprovince of Hyderabad, the English Company wasallowed Examination :.:_'-.:, jfreedomfromalldues�xceptrentpaidforMadras.TheCompanywas grantedrighttodutyfree \..•t=:-.�./--�IItradeatSuratinlieuofanannualpaymentofRs.10000.Thecurrencycoinedbycompanywas ...V__.Jmade,current�hrou�ho�ttheM�gh�l �mpire. . . : , '.. Developmentofthe EastIndrn Companv �Theinternalmanagen;entoftheEnglishcompanywasadministeredbyacourtofcomitteeswho.::; IInomenclaturelaterWaschangedtocourtofdirectors.ltconsistedofagovernor,adeputygovernor, mand 24memberstobeelectedannuallybyageneralbotlyofthemerchants1mingthecompany. - B_esides, there was a secretary and a treasurer. The companytsiSti{lbriorbody COUlt ofdirectors.wa Ib;sedinLondonwhileitssubordinatebodywasinAsia.TheDirn�torstobeannuallyelectedbythe jshareholdersofthecompan�'- Eachsharehokier,irrespectiveofthevalueofthesharehadonlyone �vote.Themeinbershipofthecompanywasnotconfinedt9shareholders-onlybutitcouldbesecured Jthroughinheritanceorprese11tationbypayinganentrancefeethroughapprenticeship, servicesetc. ·· .· < theiroffencesby imp1isonment orfine.- ··•···•··.,. .\/Z{it. �Companyenjoyedextensivepowerstoissue·ordersandtomakelawsinaccordancewiththelaws Iandcustomsoftherealm.Thecompayalso posse�s¢cijµdi8i�l owerstopunish itsservantsfor .. . ··· I p n ._·. I In [ndia, each factoty was administered bya Govemor--in�co�{1\Ji4;'.J'he govc or was the Pr sid nt onlinekhanmarket.com [�of the counil with no extra privileges,Everything asdecide�fa��-SQ.l!llCil by majorityvote. f; members ofthe council consisted ofsenior merchants oftl�ecoth·p·�·· y·.fhe Court ofDirectors \V,t r \ithesupremeauthorityinfamingpoliciesforthecmpany. �:QueenEliz.abethwasoneoftheshareholdersofthecompany.AftetQueenElizabeth'sdeat,Jamc; 0Irenewedthecharterthoughitcouldberevokedatantimeatthr�eyearnotice.Thecompany i�thepowertoenforcelawtomaintaindisciplineon longvoyages.TlwCharterActof1683ADgave �the company full power to declare war and make peace with ai;yp9w�r. In spite ofallopposition �Englishindependentmerchants,knownasInterloperscontinuedtnciefythe onopolyofthcco1�1pany jbyindulginginthe�.ast Indiantradeoftheirown.TheseFreeMeftfiantstriedt;press theirdemands �in public as well as in Parliament. 1n 1694AD the Padiament passed the resolution that all thecitizen �ofEnglandhadequalrighttotradeintheEast.Inl698ADBritishGovt.soldthemonopolyrightsof �IEastIndiestradetoanewcompanynamedGeneralSociety.TheLondonCompanywasgivena !noticeofthreetowindupthebusiness.TheOldCompanyreti.isedtosuITendcrtheirprivileges.Alter t\i tong drawn conflict both the companies agreed lo join hands in 1702 AD.In 1708 AO anew i company named 'The united Company ofMerchants of En land Trading to the East Inies' was Ifannedbyamalgamatingboththecompanies. ��French East IndiaCompany T �The French were the last European ,radcrs to at ivc in India. French East India Co pany ws f§ rmed under state patronage by Colbert in 1664 !\D. TheFrench company as namedthe ,� • ��Compagnic 0cs Indes Orientals. In Dec 1667 AD the first French factor was scl up alurat i� Francois Caron. In 1669 AD lvlarcaraset up a factory at Masulipattnam b ;securing a pal nlfrom ) , -- . ,,,.�""··{� the Sultan orGolkunda, They also succeeded in getting afm·111a11frn111 Aurahg cb in 1669 ADto • (} lNSlHT ij open their factory at Sural. In 17] AD the French (Francois Martin & 13cllangcr De Lcspinry) IASACAOEMYi"acqui.recl1·mmtI1ew�1us1·1mgovernoro(,ValikoindapuramSherKhanLodi.asmallv1·11age. ·1·111·s 6 fa:':.:::]devlopedinto Pondichcr�anditsfirst!!._ovrnorwa-sFrancoisMartin.FortLouiswas onlinekhanmarket.com https://bit.ly/2Mg4cgd(bestcoaching)

8. https://bit.ly/2AmHYDx(hardcopy) he e,They acqu redsitr ofChandemagore in Bengal from the Mu hal ggvcmorSl1�yistaKhanin:3 Modern Inia l674AD. French factory was established here in 1690AD. Pondichcry(Fo1t Loui s) wasmadethe� IASain . IDExamination I. headquartersofalltheFre11chsettlementsinIndiaandFrancoisMartinbecamethegovernor- .... general ofFrenchaffairsin India. I �mount in lieu oflicen�� to trade inhis dominio�s. TheFrenc!1_ got th 1�mJis�ion to_f�rtify·· Pqn1/cheiy I\·: ... /".: _ -.. • tt-c . FrenchcommanderMartinreadilyacknowledgedtheauthorityofShiv�iandagreedtopayhiman . / 111l689 fromSambh J I. Dup e wa,sthe most1mpo1tantFrench Govemo 1n ln:d1cL: ', , '• , L�/-�::::: , . · · . 0 l .. �. • ., .�- � . � :. • . · · _ ThesupremebodyottheFrenchCompanywasknownassuperiorcounciloftheIndiesandheadedI,., " •·.-1. byaDirector-General. TheSupremeCouncilcomposedoffivememberswaspresidedoverbythej·· • governor.FrenchEastIndiaCompanywasastatecontrolledorganizationandthusdifferedfromtheffl Shartered Companies of Engl.,md,and:the Netherlands. It was highly dependent on the FrenchI �� I governmentforitsgrants,:sul?$idi�.'.toansetc. sis ofa stro_n gi . The French maintained closeti@f\�ith Dost-a Ii the Nawah.ofCarnatic,._n.th½.b.a. recommendation by Dost-Ali the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah issYed a farrnan grantingM pennissiontotheFrenchtomintandissuegoldandsilvercu1TencybearingthestampoftheMughalI emperorandthenameofthe.placeofminting. �it'. TheDutchblockedtheFrenchcommercialactivitiesatHugli. TheyseizedSanThomenearMadrasI�: in�l672butweresoondefeatedbycombinedforcesofSultanofGolkundaandtheDutchLaterf�i1 ..DutchestablishedtheircontroloverSanThome.IntheDutch-Frenol.1rivalrytheDutchwerealwaysrH onlinekhanmarket.com • .. supported by the English. The Dutch captured Pondichery in 1692 AD fron1 the French but laterf; • gayebackin1697bytheTreatyofRyswick. !1! Alter1742,thepoliticalmotivesbegantoovershadowcommercialgains.TheFrenchgovernorK D�plexbeganthepolicyofextendingte1TitorialempireinIndia.Thisledtoase1iesofconflictwillthefri English.TheFrenchfoughtthreeCamaticwarswiththeEnglish.DuringthethirdCamaticWarthe Fre11chlostbadlyinthebattleofWandiwashin 1760AD.WiththisdefattheFrenchlostalmostallf their possessions in India. The battle ended by the Treaty ofParis in 176-J AD. Pondicheryandsomer . other French settlements were returned t(fthe French but they were not allowed to fortify their{) settlements. The French continued to exist in India but they were no more a challenge to English�"' hegemony. Carnalic\Vars TheCarnaticWarswereaseriesofmilitaryconflictsinthemiddleofthe18thcenturyb�tweenthe�; French East India Compan y and the British East India Company, including numerous nominallyi) independent rnlers. They were mainly fought on the te1Titories in India which were dominated by thej; Mughal Empire up to the Godavari delta. The First and Third Carnatic Wars were essentially the [l IndianColonial frontintwointernationalwars-WaroftheAustrianSuccession(1740-48),andthe}} Seven Year's War (1756-1763) respectively. As a result ofthese mi litary contests, the British East {f India ompany established its dominance among the European trading companies within India. The f"·r Frenchcompan\\'aspushedtoacomerand,,asconfi11ed_pri111arilytoPonclicheny FirstCamatic\Var(1746-1748L. The First Camatic War was the extension ofthe Anglo- French \Var in Europe. The Austrian Wars ,,;;..,,�.•.-,,,,,-·,--�·�--··· GHT ofSuccessionbrokeoutin1740asaresulthostilitiesalsobrokeoutinIndiain1746.ThEnglish navy under Barnell tootheoffensive hen it captured some French ship . Dupleix the French Governor General of l\llldich n- sent an urgent appeal for help to La l3ourdonnais theFrench onlinekhanmarket.com https://bit.ly/2Mg4cgd(bestcoaching)

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