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Enlightenment Ideals and Influencers: Reason, Revolution, and Artistic Expression

Explore Enlightenment philosophies like Locke's government theories, Hobbes' Leviathan, Rousseau's social critiques, and the rise of Neoclassical arts in this comprehensive overview. Learn about influential figures Voltaire, Mozart, and more shaping society's progression towards reason and freedom.

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Enlightenment Ideals and Influencers: Reason, Revolution, and Artistic Expression

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  1. The Enlightenment

  2. LOCKE Two Treatises of Government Government: voluntary association of humans acting in their self-interest Humans are reasonable and cooperative Power of the legislature: the people People could overthrow government and replace with better one HOBBES Leviathan All-powerful sovereign should rule stupid humans Humans: greedy and violent Power of the executive: the government

  3. The Enlightenment • Belief in the supremacy of reason over pleasure; conviction that humans could perfect society through the application of the intellect to human affairs • Science takes its place for the first time

  4. The Philosophes • Thinkers who advocated reason • Paris: center of the movement • Search for universal laws in human affairs • Scorned superstition, Christianity: Voltaire • Encyclopedia--All human knowledge: Diderot • Deism: God created universe to operate rationally

  5. Rousseau • Most popular of the Enlightenment • Natural goodness of humans; value of freedom and equality • Respect for humans in nature: Native Am. • Concept of “general will” • Flaws in society and institution cause social injustice

  6. Rococo Style • Softer, more delicate style than baroque • Rocaille: shell-like decoration used in gardens. • Art as happy, witty, frivolous, playful

  7. The Salons • Social gathering: dining, entertainment, conversation • Wealthy women • Mme. Geoffrin: Rousseau, Diderot • Helped finance Encyclopedia • Discussion of ideas and events

  8. The Art of Rococo • Watteau: Gersaint’s Signboard • Fragonard’s The Swing • Vigee-Lebrun: Self-Portrait with Her Daughter (Friend of Marie-Antoinette)

  9. Mozart and Opera • Independent musician: no patron • Began at age 6. Composed more than 600 works: 20 operas and 41 symphonies • Joseph II of Austria sponsored him • Balance of music and drama in opera • The Marriage of Figaro; Don Giovanni; The Magic Flute

  10. The Bourgeois Response • Figaro based on a French play. • Condemned aristocratic privilege • Middle class gained influence • Art reflected their moral attitudes

  11. The Bourgeois Style in Painting • Greuze: The Bride of the Village • Chardin: Boy Spinning Top • Middle class values

  12. The Rise of the Novel • Epistolary novels • Novels of manners: Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility

  13. The Neoclassical Style • Style of the later eighteenth century that imitated the art of ancient Greece and Rome

  14. Neoclassical Architecture • The Petit Trianon, Versailles • Influence of Palladio • Thomas Jefferson: Ambassador to France • Monticello in Virginia

  15. Neoclassical Painting • Jacques-Louis David: Oath of the Horatii • 1784: Painting embodied leading principles of neoclassicism: didactic purpose, purity of form, and deep passion restrained by good taste. • Revolt against rococo • David involved in French Revolution • Lictors Bearing to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons : Civic duty higher than love

  16. The Classical Symphony • Order, proportion, harmony • Haydn: Symphony--4 movements--sonata form( three-part structure still used today) • Mozart: ability to create effortless transitions between sections and build symmetrical structure for his music

  17. The Age of Satire • Aims to improve society by humorous criticism • Attacks on social ills

  18. Jonathan Swift • A Modest Proposal recommended that poor Irish children be butchered, roasted and served for Sunday dinners. It would reduce population and provide income. • Gulliver’s Travels Horses put humans to shame. Mocked humans as Yahoos • Not convinced of human decency

  19. Satire and Society in Art • Hogarth’s Marriage a la Mode mocks social climbers and marriage for money • Gainsborough: Mr. and Mrs. Andrews: Vanity of England’s aristocrats

  20. Voltaire • Opposed evils of religious bigotry and political oppresion • Candide makes fun of optimists • Cultivate your own garden: reject philosophical solutions ;cultivate himself, work hard and seek a comfortable and reasonable life.

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