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Designing for Nonmotorists: Shared Use Paths

Designing for Nonmotorists Course Overview . Part 3: Off-Road FacilitiesShared Use PathsRecreational TrailsMotorized TrailsPart 4: ResourcesTraining, Publications, and WebsitesCredits. CONSTRUCTION

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Designing for Nonmotorists: Shared Use Paths

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    1. Designing for Nonmotorists: Shared Use Paths Trails for Transportation Christopher Douwes, Trails and Enhancements Program Manager, Federal Highway Administration CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS Photo from the National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse: www.enhancements.org/examples.asp. Mineral Wells to Weatherford Rail-Trail , Mineral Wells, TX. Opening day and dedication of the Mineral Wells to Weatherford Rail Trail. (Photo: Texas DOT).Photo from the National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse: www.enhancements.org/examples.asp. Mineral Wells to Weatherford Rail-Trail , Mineral Wells, TX. Opening day and dedication of the Mineral Wells to Weatherford Rail Trail. (Photo: Texas DOT).

    2. Designing for Nonmotorists Course Overview Part 3: Off-Road Facilities Shared Use Paths Recreational Trails Motorized Trails Part 4: Resources Training, Publications, and Websites Credits CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 2

    3. Shared Use Paths CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 3 Photo of Christopher Douwes, Trails and Enhancements Program Manager, Federal Highway Administration. Presenting at FHWA Civil Rights Discipline Training, June 23, 2009, Albuquerque NM. Photo: Henry Droughter, Equal Opportunity Specialist, FHWA Pennsylvania Division From: CINDY BURBANK To: Akane; CDouwes; GSchoener; GShepherd; HPeaks; ... Date: Thursday, 30 March 2000 1:55 PM Subject: transportation humor I thought you might enjoy this commentary, which I received on email from another transportation professional: It had been a quiet night at the local bar so far, but then the door was thrown open and an Interstate highway strode in. Im an Interstate highway, it declared. I stretch from coast to coast and have at least four lanes, shoulders, and a median almost my entire length. I have the highest speed limit of any highway. Im the best of the highways, and Im afraid of no highway and no road. He then strode up to the bar, ordered a beer, and began drinking it, while looking around. A short time later, a four-lane state highway came in, went to the end of the bar, and ordered a beer. The Interstate looked him over and walked over to him. Im an Interstate highway, he declared. I stretch from coast to coast and have at least four lanes, shoulders, and a median almost my entire length. I have the highest speed limit of any highway. Im the best of the highways, and Im not afraid of you. The four-lane state highway said I agree that youre the best. I dont want any trouble with you. Let me buy you a beer, and he did. They drank their beers and discussed their engineering specifications. After a half hour, the door opened again and a two-lane road came in, went to the other end of the bar, and ordered a beer. The Interstate looked him over and walked up to the new arrival. He said to the two-lane road Im an Interstate highway. I stretch from coast to coast and have at least four lanes, shoulders, and a median almost my entire length. I have the highest speed limit of any highway. Im the best of the highways, and Im not afraid of you. The two-lane road quivered a bit and said Youre absolutely right. You are the best of the highways. Im just a lowly two-lane road. I dont want any trouble. Can I buy beers for you and the four-lane highway? The Interstate motioned the four-lane highway to come over, the two-lane road bought beers for each of them, and the three of them drank their beers and discussed the merits of various paving materials. After another half hour, the door opened again and a strip of asphalt about eight feet wide came in. The Interstate highway ducked behind the bar and hid there quivering quietly. The bartender was shocked. After serving the asphalt strip, he walked over to where the Interstate was hiding. I watched you stand up to the four-lane highway and the two-lane road. You said you werent afraid of any highway or road. Why are you hiding from that little asphalt strip? The Interstate replied quietly, Its true that Im not afraid of any highway or road, but hes a cycle path. Photo of Christopher Douwes, Trails and Enhancements Program Manager, Federal Highway Administration. Presenting at FHWA Civil Rights Discipline Training, June 23, 2009, Albuquerque NM. Photo: Henry Droughter, Equal Opportunity Specialist, FHWA Pennsylvania Division From: CINDY BURBANK To: Akane; CDouwes; GSchoener; GShepherd; HPeaks; ... Date: Thursday, 30 March 2000 1:55 PM Subject: transportation humor I thought you might enjoy this commentary, which I received on email from another transportation professional: It had been a quiet night at the local bar so far, but then the door was thrown open and an Interstate highway strode in. Im an Interstate highway, it declared. I stretch from coast to coast and have at least four lanes, shoulders, and a median almost my entire length. I have the highest speed limit of any highway. Im the best of the highways, and Im afraid of no highway and no road. He then strode up to the bar, ordered a beer, and began drinking it, while looking around. A short time later, a four-lane state highway came in, went to the end of the bar, and ordered a beer. The Interstate looked him over and walked over to him. Im an Interstate highway, he declared. I stretch from coast to coast and have at least four lanes, shoulders, and a median almost my entire length. I have the highest speed limit of any highway. Im the best of the highways, and Im not afraid of you. The four-lane state highway said I agree that youre the best. I dont want any trouble with you. Let me buy you a beer, and he did. They drank their beers and discussed their engineering specifications. After a half hour, the door opened again and a two-lane road came in, went to the other end of the bar, and ordered a beer. The Interstate looked him over and walked up to the new arrival. He said to the two-lane road Im an Interstate highway. I stretch from coast to coast and have at least four lanes, shoulders, and a median almost my entire length. I have the highest speed limit of any highway. Im the best of the highways, and Im not afraid of you. The two-lane road quivered a bit and said Youre absolutely right. You are the best of the highways. Im just a lowly two-lane road. I dont want any trouble. Can I buy beers for you and the four-lane highway? The Interstate motioned the four-lane highway to come over, the two-lane road bought beers for each of them, and the three of them drank their beers and discussed the merits of various paving materials. After another half hour, the door opened again and a strip of asphalt about eight feet wide came in. The Interstate highway ducked behind the bar and hid there quivering quietly. The bartender was shocked. After serving the asphalt strip, he walked over to where the Interstate was hiding. I watched you stand up to the four-lane highway and the two-lane road. You said you werent afraid of any highway or road. Why are you hiding from that little asphalt strip? The Interstate replied quietly, Its true that Im not afraid of any highway or road, but hes a cycle path.

    4. What is a Shared Use Path? The term shared use path means a multi-use trail or other path, physically separated from motorized vehicular traffic by an open space or barrier, either within a highway right-of-way or within an independent right-of-way, and usable for transportation purposes. Shared use paths may be used by pedestrians, bicyclists, skaters, equestrians, and other nonmotorized users. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 4 Left photo: Peter Axelson, Beneficial Designs, www.beneficialdesigns.com. Contractor for FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/index.htm. Right photo: Town Lake Trail, Austin TX. Photo by Stuart Macdonald, American Trails: www.americantrails.org. Left photo: Peter Axelson, Beneficial Designs, www.beneficialdesigns.com. Contractor for FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/index.htm. Right photo: Town Lake Trail, Austin TX. Photo by Stuart Macdonald, American Trails: www.americantrails.org.

    5. Sidewalk or Trail? What is the difference between a sidewalk and a trail? Part function, part location. If it acts like a sidewalk, its a sidewalk. If it acts like a trail, its a trail. If it is in between.. Facilities on park land parallel to streets. Doesnt matter who maintains (parks or streets department). The function matters. People will always argue fine details.. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 5 I could give a lot examples from Fairfax City, Virginia. Mostly bad examples of what not to do.I could give a lot examples from Fairfax City, Virginia. Mostly bad examples of what not to do.

    6. Provisions If you build a shared use path. Make sure it works for all users. Accommodate pre-existing legal users, including equestrians. Ensure Accessibility: to be covered in the Accessible Design course. Ensure construction to guidelines: Verify! CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 6 See Equestrian and Other Nonmotorized Use on Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities at www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/allow_uses_eqnm.htm. See Equestrian and Other Nonmotorized Use on Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities at www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/allow_uses_eqnm.htm.

    7. Good Examples CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 7 Oregon integrates recreational trails and transportation facilities: Portland Esplanade Trails connect parks and recreation: MKT Trail, Columbia MO Photos from Coalition for Recreational Trails, Recreational Trails Program Annual Achievement Awards. Top: Portland OR. www.americantrails.org/awards/CRT09awards/State-Trail-Program-Award-Oregon-09.html Bottom: MKT Trailhead Project, Columbia MO. www.americantrails.org/awards/CRT05awards/mkttrailhead.html Photos from Coalition for Recreational Trails, Recreational Trails Program Annual Achievement Awards. Top: Portland OR. www.americantrails.org/awards/CRT09awards/State-Trail-Program-Award-Oregon-09.html Bottom: MKT Trailhead Project, Columbia MO. www.americantrails.org/awards/CRT05awards/mkttrailhead.html

    8. Bad Example What do these curves do? Landscape architect vs Engineer? Practical vs pretty? Transportation vs recreation? Opposite side of the road from a high school and other origins or destinations; no crosswalks. It may be part of a larger plan. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 8 Photo: Ahsanhka Road (SR 7)in front of Orofino High School in Orofino, Idaho. Photo by Tony Powers, Dokken Engineering. From: Tony Powers [mailto:tpowers@dokkenengineering.com] Sent: Wednesday, July 07, 2010 12:41 PM To: Douwes, Christopher (FHWA) Subject: RE: [apbp] Photo Credit Christopher: That would be mine. Feel free to use it (I only take credit for the photo, not the sidewalk!). It's along Ahsanhka Rd. (SR 7) in front of Orofino High School in Orofino, Idaho: http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=46.490713,-116.266875&daddr=Orofino,+ID&hl=en&geocode=%3BCTsy1FxdpLHZFfM3xQIdXBYS-Sn_YENy-XSgVDGykUBZjRpl-Q&gl=us&mra=mi&mrsp=0&sz=17&sll=46.490356,-116.266776&sspn=0.005363,0.009645&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=17 In addition to the excessive winding, this sidewalk (multi-use path? It's about 8' wide, as I recall) ison the opposite side of the road from the high school and every other possible origin or destination along its length,is adjacent to a rail yard (apparently abandoned) and does not connect to anything on either end -- not so much as a crosswalk. In fairness, it appears to be part of some larger planned system, as there is a short (about 100' and equally squiggly) section about 1/2 mile to the south, and a slightly longer section about another 1/2 mile further south in a riverfront park in the heart of Orofino, and both are along the same side of the road. So I suppose the idea was, as a multi-use path, to be on the RR side and avoid driveways and intersections. The photo was taken in November of 2003. Attached is the full-size version, in case you do not have it, along with the other two I took at that location. Happy Trails! Tony Anthony C. Powers, P.E. Senior Engineer Dokken Engineering 2365 Iron Point Road, Suite 200 Folsom, CA 95630 Tel. (916) 858-0642 Fax (916) 858-0643 tpowers@dokkenengineering.com www.dokkenengineering.com From: Christopher.Douwes@dot.gov [mailto:Christopher.Douwes@dot.gov] Sent: Tuesday, July 06, 2010 7:17 AM To: members@lists.apbp.org Subject: [apbp] Photo Credit Hello APBP Friends. Im trying to track down a photo credit. Does any APBP member know the source of the photo below? I cant figure out where I got it from. Where? When? Photo by: I am also seeking permission to post the photo on our Federal Highway Administration website. This will be shown as an example of what not to do for sidewalks or shared use paths.Photo: Ahsanhka Road (SR 7)in front of Orofino High School in Orofino, Idaho. Photo by Tony Powers, Dokken Engineering. From: Tony Powers [mailto:tpowers@dokkenengineering.com] Sent: Wednesday, July 07, 2010 12:41 PMTo: Douwes, Christopher (FHWA)Subject: RE: [apbp] Photo Credit Christopher: That would be mine. Feel free to use it (I only take credit for the photo, not the sidewalk!). It's along Ahsanhka Rd. (SR 7) in front of Orofino High School in Orofino, Idaho: http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=46.490713,-116.266875&daddr=Orofino,+ID&hl=en&geocode=%3BCTsy1FxdpLHZFfM3xQIdXBYS-Sn_YENy-XSgVDGykUBZjRpl-Q&gl=us&mra=mi&mrsp=0&sz=17&sll=46.490356,-116.266776&sspn=0.005363,0.009645&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=17 In addition to the excessive winding, this sidewalk (multi-use path? It's about 8' wide, as I recall) ison the opposite side of the road from the high school and every other possible origin or destination along its length,is adjacent to a rail yard (apparently abandoned) and does not connect to anything on either end -- not so much as a crosswalk. In fairness, it appears to be part of some larger planned system, as there is a short (about 100' and equally squiggly) section about 1/2 mile to the south, and a slightly longer section about another 1/2 mile further south in a riverfront park in the heart of Orofino, and both are along the same side of the road. So I suppose the idea was, as a multi-use path, to be on the RR side and avoid driveways and intersections. The photo was taken in November of 2003. Attached is the full-size version, in case you do not have it, along with the other two I took at that location. Happy Trails! Tony Anthony C. Powers, P.E.Senior EngineerDokken Engineering2365 Iron Point Road, Suite 200Folsom, CA 95630Tel. (916) 858-0642Fax (916) 858-0643tpowers@dokkenengineering.com www.dokkenengineering.com From: Christopher.Douwes@dot.gov [mailto:Christopher.Douwes@dot.gov] Sent: Tuesday, July 06, 2010 7:17 AMTo: members@lists.apbp.orgSubject: [apbp] Photo Credit Hello APBP Friends. Im trying to track down a photo credit. Does any APBP member know the source of the photo below? I cant figure out where I got it from. Where? When? Photo by: I am also seeking permission to post the photo on our Federal Highway Administration website. This will be shown as an example of what not to do for sidewalks or shared use paths.

    9. Shared Use Paths: Guidelines American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities: 1999. https://bookstore.transportation.org/. The 2010 version is under final review. Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities: 2004. https://bookstore.transportation.org/ CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 9

    10. Shared Use Paths: Surface Surface: Firm and stable. Must accommodate wheelchairs. Accommodate narrow-tire bicycles. Accommodate people pushing baby strollers (good test equipment). Slip resistance desired, but not required.* * Required for public rights-of-way (PROW). Pavement is not required. Pavement may not be appropriate in some settings (rural). CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 10

    11. Shared Use Paths: Surface There are no Federal laws or regulations that require a shared use path to be paved. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 11 Photo source: Stuart Macdonald, American Trails: www.americantrails.org. Top left: High Line Canal Trail, Cherry Hills Village, CO. Photo by Stuart Macdonald, American Trails, www.americantrails.org/photoGalleries/cool/26-crusher-fines-rock-trail-surface-photos.html Top middle: Town Lake Trail, Austin TX. Photo by Stuart Macdonald, American Trails. Bottom left: High Line Canal Trail, Cherry Hills Village, CO. Photo by Stuart Macdonald, American Trails. Bottom middle: Holmes County, Ohio. Source: Holmes County Park District / Holmes County Rails to Trails Coalition. Right: Holmes County, Ohio. Source: Holmes County Park District / Holmes County Rails to Trails Coalition.Photo source: Stuart Macdonald, American Trails: www.americantrails.org. Top left: High Line Canal Trail, Cherry Hills Village, CO. Photo by Stuart Macdonald, American Trails, www.americantrails.org/photoGalleries/cool/26-crusher-fines-rock-trail-surface-photos.html Top middle: Town Lake Trail, Austin TX. Photo by Stuart Macdonald, American Trails. Bottom left: High Line Canal Trail, Cherry Hills Village, CO. Photo by Stuart Macdonald, American Trails. Bottom middle: Holmes County, Ohio. Source: Holmes County Park District / Holmes County Rails to Trails Coalition. Right: Holmes County, Ohio. Source: Holmes County Park District / Holmes County Rails to Trails Coalition.

    12. Shared Use Paths: Surface Firm and stable. Some crushed aggregates can be firm and stable. Rotational Penetrometer: Measures firmness and stability of ground and floor surfaces. www.beneficialdesigns.com/surfaces/surface.html#rotational CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 12 Drawing from Beneficial Designs. www.beneficialdesigns.com/surfaces/surface.html#rotational Drawing from Beneficial Designs. www.beneficialdesigns.com/surfaces/surface.html#rotational

    13. Shared Use Paths: Surface Pavement Asphalt or Concrete? Asphalt often cheaper to construct, but may suffer water, frost, and tree root damage. Concrete may be cheaper in the long run: may better withstand flooding, frost, roots, etc. Concrete: use saw cut for joints. Check for accessibility and a smooth surface. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 13

    14. Shared Use Paths: Tread Obstacles Tread Obstacles: Avoid, Minimize, and Prevent. Prevent roots, rocks, ruts, bumps, cracks, etc. Maintain a smooth path: sweep, fix irregularities. Exception: Detectable warnings at crossings. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 14 From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/index.htm Photo: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm Drawing in middle: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm#sur1 Right drawing: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks206.htm#rec From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/index.htm Photo: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm Drawing in middle: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm#sur1 Right drawing: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks206.htm#rec

    15. Shared Use Paths: Gaps Gaps: Avoid, Minimize, and Prevent. Keep drainage grates off the trail. Minimize: openings, pavement and bridge joints, open bridge decks, railroad crossings, boardwalks. Openings shall not permit passage of a 0.5 inch / 13 mm diameter sphere. Elongated openings should be perpendicular or diagonal to travel direction. Some exceptions for boardwalks: 0.75 inch/19 mm. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 15

    16. Shared Use Paths: Speed Design Speed: AASHTO Guide is 20 mi/h. Draft 2010 AASHTO Guide proposes 14 mi/h. REASON: Most bicyclists are slower than the design bicyclist, pedestrians, other users. Consider not having completely straight paths: May encourage excessive speed. May result in speed variation conflicts. Boring experience. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 16 Photo: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Silver Comet Trail, Georgia. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/The-Silver-Comet-Trail-Smyrna/7170279_hKnYc#460272568_MBuNKPhoto: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Silver Comet Trail, Georgia. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/The-Silver-Comet-Trail-Smyrna/7170279_hKnYc#460272568_MBuNK

    17. Shared Use Paths: Width How much use will there be? 8 foot minimum for low-use facilities: Connectors between cul-de-sac neighborhoods. To avoid inviting cut-through motor vehicles. Prefer 10 foot minimum, recommend 12 foot, more if needed. Avoid designing only for the minimum. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 17 Photo: Peter Axelson, Beneficial Designs, www.beneficialdesigns.com. Contractor for FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/index.htm. Photo: Peter Axelson, Beneficial Designs, www.beneficialdesigns.com. Contractor for FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/index.htm.

    18. Shared Use Paths: Width High use facilities: Consider separating heels and wheels on two separate paths. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 18 Left photo: Pinellas County Rail-Trail, Florida. Stuart Macdonald, American Trails. www.americantrails.org/photoGalleries/cool/4-dual-tread-trail-bike-walk.html Right photo: USDA Forest Service: Equestrian Design Guidebook for Trails, Trailheads, and Campgrounds. www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/07232816/page06.htm#useLeft photo: Pinellas County Rail-Trail, Florida. Stuart Macdonald, American Trails. www.americantrails.org/photoGalleries/cool/4-dual-tread-trail-bike-walk.html Right photo: USDA Forest Service: Equestrian Design Guidebook for Trails, Trailheads, and Campgrounds. www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/07232816/page06.htm#use

    19. Shared Use Paths: Width Passing Space Accessibility requirement: At least 60 inches (1525 mm) width within 1,000 foot (300 m) intervals. Usually not an issue for Shared Use Paths. Avoid designing only for the minimum. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 19

    20. Shared Use Paths: Slope Slope: Accessibility is the primary consideration. Based on Outdoor Developed Areas Guidelines. Access Board to propose stricter guidelines: Either Public Rights of Way (PROW), or Outdoor Recreation Access Routes (ORAR). At highway crossings: Highway slope is trail cross slope, highway cross slope is trail slope. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 20 Left photo: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Silver Comet Trail, Georgia. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/The-Silver-Comet-Trail-Smyrna/7170279_hKnYc#460272568_MBuNK Right photo: USDA Forest Service, Trail Construction and Maintenance Notebook. www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/07232806/page04.htm#trai Left photo: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Silver Comet Trail, Georgia. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/The-Silver-Comet-Trail-Smyrna/7170279_hKnYc#460272568_MBuNK Right photo: USDA Forest Service, Trail Construction and Maintenance Notebook. www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/07232806/page04.htm#trai

    21. Shared Use Paths: Slope Slope: <5% to the extent feasible. Slope ORAR Trail 1:20 (5%) any length any length 1:12 (8.33%) up to 50 feet up to 200 feet 1:10 (10%) up to 30 feet up to 30 feet 1:8 (12.5%) no up to 10 feet Trail: No more than 30% of the total trail length shall exceed 1:12 (8.33%). CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 21

    22. Shared Use Paths: Slope Avoid abrupt grade changes: Not only annoying, they can be dangerous. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 22 From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/index.htm Left drawing: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm#gra Right drawings: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks207.htm#cha From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/index.htm Left drawing: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm#gra Right drawings: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks207.htm#cha

    23. Shared Use Paths: Rest Intervals Rest Intervals: A place to stop and rest. Where running slopes exceed 1:20 (5%), at intervals no greater than the lengths permitted under running slope. Size: 60 inch (1525 mm) length, at least as wide as the widest trail segment adjacent to the rest area. PROW Level Landing: 2%. ORAR: 3% (5% if drainage needs). Trail: 5% (exempt if not possible). Rest area may be off to the side. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 23 From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/index.htm www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm#sha1From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/index.htm www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm#sha1

    24. Shared Use Paths: Cross Slope Cross Slope: <2% on paved surfaces. PROW ORAR Trail General: 2% 3% 5%, 3% preferred Exception: 5%* 5%** 10%** * At street crossings without stop control or at midblock. ** If needed for drainage on an unpaved surface. Superelevation? Accessibility trumps. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 24

    25. Shared Use Paths: Vertical Clearance CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 25 Accessibility: 80 inches minimum. Equestrian Use: 10 feet minimum. Left: USDA Forest Service: Equestrian Design Guidebook for Trails, Trailheads, and Campgrounds. www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/07232816/page06.htm#fig12 Top right: From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks215.htm#pro Middle right: U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section: ADA Checklist for Polling Places, page 18. www.ada.gov/votingck.htm. Bottom right: FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm#proLeft: USDA Forest Service: Equestrian Design Guidebook for Trails, Trailheads, and Campgrounds. www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/07232816/page06.htm#fig12 Top right: From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks215.htm#pro Middle right: U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section: ADA Checklist for Polling Places, page 18. www.ada.gov/votingck.htm. Bottom right: FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks214.htm#pro

    26. Shared Use Paths: Vertical Clearance CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 26 Maintenance vehicles: 12 feet? More? Provide warnings or barriers for low overhead clearance: detectable by people with visual impairments. Stair photo: US Access Board archives. Top stair drawing: U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section: ADA Checklist for Polling Places, pages 17/31. www.ada.gov/votingck.htm. Bottom stair drawing: US Access Board, Americans with Disabilities Act and Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Guidelines, July 23, 2004, Figure 307.4. www.access-board.gov/ada-aba/final.cfm or www.access-board.gov/ada-aba/final.pdf. Right photo: Clear Creek Trail crossing under Burlington Northern Railroad embankment, Jefferson County, CO; photo by Stuart Macdonald, August 1, 2009. www.americantrails.org/photoGalleries/cool/13-trails-under-railroads.html Stair photo: US Access Board archives. Top stair drawing: U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section: ADA Checklist for Polling Places, pages 17/31. www.ada.gov/votingck.htm. Bottom stair drawing: US Access Board, Americans with Disabilities Act and Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Guidelines, July 23, 2004, Figure 307.4. www.access-board.gov/ada-aba/final.cfm or www.access-board.gov/ada-aba/final.pdf. Right photo: Clear Creek Trail crossing under Burlington Northern Railroad embankment, Jefferson County, CO; photo by Stuart Macdonald, August 1, 2009. www.americantrails.org/photoGalleries/cool/13-trails-under-railroads.html

    27. Shared Use Paths: Protruding Objects Avoid protruding objects in the treadway: Poles, wires, signs, other objects. Tree branches, hanging vines. Mark unavoidable objects with retroreflective markings. Covered in Accessible Design Course. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 27 Left and middle drawings: From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks204.htm#pro Right top drawing: U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section: ADA Checklist for Polling Places, page 17. www.ada.gov/votingck.htm. Photo: US Access Board archives, also at www.access-board.gov/prowac/guide/figure12.htm (reversed).Left and middle drawings: From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks204.htm#pro Right top drawing: U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section: ADA Checklist for Polling Places, page 17. www.ada.gov/votingck.htm. Photo: US Access Board archives, also at www.access-board.gov/prowac/guide/figure12.htm (reversed).

    28. Shared Use Path Crossings CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 28 Use Public Rights-of-Way Guidelines. Treat as an intersection. Who gets the right of way? Where is the volume? Include detectable warnings. Drawing: From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks206.htm#rec Photo: High Line Canal Trail, Cherry Hills Village, CO. Photo by Stuart Macdonald, American Trails. Drawing: From FHWAs Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Best Practices Design Guide: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sidewalk2/sidewalks206.htm#rec Photo: High Line Canal Trail, Cherry Hills Village, CO. Photo by Stuart Macdonald, American Trails.

    29. Trails in Freeway Rights-of-Way QUESTION: Can trails be built along an Interstate or other freeway right-of-way? ANSWER: Yes! There are examples. Ensure barrier separation between the trail and freeway lanes. www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/freeways.htm CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 29 Left photo: Joseph J Kracum, Kracum Resources LLC. Published in FHWAs Public Roads Magazine, March/April 2004. www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/04mar/04.cfm Right photo: Red Creek Bridge over I-75, near MI-134 (Upper Peninsula). From Coalition for Recreational Trails, Recreational Trails Program Annual Achievement Awards, see www.americantrails.org/awards/CRT05awards/redcreek.html.Left photo: Joseph J Kracum, Kracum Resources LLC. Published in FHWAs Public Roads Magazine, March/April 2004. www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/04mar/04.cfm Right photo: Red Creek Bridge over I-75, near MI-134 (Upper Peninsula). From Coalition for Recreational Trails, Recreational Trails Program Annual Achievement Awards, see www.americantrails.org/awards/CRT05awards/redcreek.html.

    30. Shared Use Paths Near Railroads QUESTION: Can Shared Use Paths (or other trails) coexist with railroads? ANSWER: It depends. Right-of-way. Safety Security No trespassing! CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 30 Photo: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Santa Fe Rail-Trail, Santa Fe NM. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/Santa-Fe-Rail-Trail/11142196_3dvjJ#780866854_FWrk3Photo: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Santa Fe Rail-Trail, Santa Fe NM. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/Santa-Fe-Rail-Trail/11142196_3dvjJ#780866854_FWrk3

    31. Shared Use Paths Near Railroads Many factors to consider. See FHWA/FRA Rails-with-Trails: Lessons Learned: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rectrails/rwt/index.htm Trail may reduce trespassing on railroad property. Trail is easier to use than walking on tracks. Use a barrier: Fence or vegetation. Ditch. Vertical grade. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 31 Photo: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Orleans Parish Levee Bikeway, New Orleans LA. http://images.enhancements.org/1-Ped-Bike-Facilities/Orleans-Parish-Levee/3350927_B8tZP#186803579_2GrVePhoto: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Orleans Parish Levee Bikeway, New Orleans LA. http://images.enhancements.org/1-Ped-Bike-Facilities/Orleans-Parish-Levee/3350927_B8tZP#186803579_2GrVe

    32. Rails-to-Trails Good examples of shared use paths. Low grade, good sight lines, wide, stable base. It could handle trains, it can handle bicyclists and pedestrians! Access points must be accessible. Pay attention to property rights issues. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 32 National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Silver Comet Trail, Georgia. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/The-Silver-Comet-Trail-Smyrna/7170279_hKnYc#460272846_BuzWrNational Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Silver Comet Trail, Georgia. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/The-Silver-Comet-Trail-Smyrna/7170279_hKnYc#460272846_BuzWr

    33. Bollards: A Bad Idea. Why? What are some possible problems? CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 33 Photo: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Left: Union Street Railroad Bridge, Salem OR. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/Union-Street-Railroad/8030192_Wpdnk#531488775_wD3Bd Right: Big Dam Bridge, Little Rock AR. http://images.enhancements.org/1-Ped-Bike-Facilities/Big-Dam-Bridge-Little-Rock-AR/10382656_MPu9W#718960272_8g4qr Photo: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Left: Union Street Railroad Bridge, Salem OR. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/Union-Street-Railroad/8030192_Wpdnk#531488775_wD3Bd Right: Big Dam Bridge, Little Rock AR. http://images.enhancements.org/1-Ped-Bike-Facilities/Big-Dam-Bridge-Little-Rock-AR/10382656_MPu9W#718960272_8g4qr

    34. Bollards: A Bad Idea Bollards should never be a default treatment. Bollards are a potentially fatal safety hazard. Unjustified bollards can create liability exposure. Bollards, gates, fences, or other barriers can slow emergency response access. Bollards are often ineffective: people go around, or damage the bollards or area. A landscaped median is better. Dont use unless intrusions are documented. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 34 Photo: Delaware and Hudson Rail-Trail, Pawlet, VT. Jon Kaplan, Bicycle and Pedestrian Program Manager, Vermont Agency of Transportation. Photo: Delaware and Hudson Rail-Trail, Pawlet, VT. Jon Kaplan, Bicycle and Pedestrian Program Manager, Vermont Agency of Transportation.

    35. Bollards: A Bad Idea If installed, bollard, gates, fences, or other barriers: Must not restrict access for people with disabilities. Must be easily visible in low light conditions. Have enough sight distance so users can adjust speed. Should permit passage, without dismounting, for adult tricycles, bicycles towing trailers, and tandem bicycles. Accommodate all users legally permitted to use the trail. Must be easily removable for emergency vehicle access. Never use even numbers of bollards, possibly creating head-on collisions.. (see previous examples). CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 35 National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Silver Comet Trail, Georgia. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/The-Silver-Comet-Trail-Smyrna/7170279_hKnYc#460272245_thkPMNational Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Silver Comet Trail, Georgia. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/The-Silver-Comet-Trail-Smyrna/7170279_hKnYc#460272245_thkPM

    36. Environmental Impacts Shared use paths may qualify for Categorical Exclusions, but they can impact: Drainage patterns and wetlands. Wildlife: threatened and endangered species. Historic, cultural, archaeological resources. Privacy perceptions for adjacent properties. Light pollution. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 36

    37. Bridges: Essential Links Bridges are needed for any transportation network. Union Street Railroad Bridge, Salem OR. A half-mile span over the Willamette River. The project improved bicycle and pedestrian safety and access, and provided a critical link in local, regional, and State transportation and trail networks. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 37 Photos: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Union Street Railroad Bridge, Salem OR http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/Union-Street-Railroad/8030192_Wpdnk#531489639_RoHXz Photo credit: City of Salem OR.Photos: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Union Street Railroad Bridge, Salem OR http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/Union-Street-Railroad/8030192_Wpdnk#531489639_RoHXz Photo credit: City of Salem OR.

    38. Bridges: Essential Links Be creative. Reuse historic bridges. Reuse railroad flatcars. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 38 Photos: Left: Terry Whaley, Ozark Greenways, Inc., for American Trails: www.americantrails.org/resources/structures/recyclerrbridge.html Right (3 photos): National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Hale Bridge, Wapsipinicon State Park, IA http://images.enhancements.org/7-Rehab-Hist-Transp-Facilities/Hale-Bridge-IA/9562149_R7nty#643178786_UbDK8Photos: Left: Terry Whaley, Ozark Greenways, Inc., for American Trails: www.americantrails.org/resources/structures/recyclerrbridge.html Right (3 photos): National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Hale Bridge, Wapsipinicon State Park, IA http://images.enhancements.org/7-Rehab-Hist-Transp-Facilities/Hale-Bridge-IA/9562149_R7nty#643178786_UbDK8

    39. Rail Bridge to Trail Bridge Walkway Over the Hudson Poughkeepsie Highland NY CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 39 You might want to make sure this can hold tractor trailers! Photo source: Stuart Macdonald, American Trails: www.americantrails.org See more at www.americantrails.org/photoGalleries/cool/16-Hudson-Poughkeepsie-rail-trail-bridge-photos.html You might want to make sure this can hold tractor trailers! Photo source: Stuart Macdonald, American Trails: www.americantrails.org See more at www.americantrails.org/photoGalleries/cool/16-Hudson-Poughkeepsie-rail-trail-bridge-photos.html

    40. Big Dam Bridge Near Little Rock AR CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 40 Over Lock & Dam. Built and managed by by Pulaski County. Photos: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. http://images.enhancements.org/1-Ped-Bike-Facilities/Big-Dam-Bridge-Little-Rock-AR/10382656_MPu9W#718960593_52RUAPhotos: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. http://images.enhancements.org/1-Ped-Bike-Facilities/Big-Dam-Bridge-Little-Rock-AR/10382656_MPu9W#718960593_52RUA

    41. Tunnels and Underpasses Design for the tallest likely user: Maintenance vehicles Equestrians Snow level Think about maintenance. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 41 Photos: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Left: Dalecarlia Tunnel, Capital Crescent Trail, Montgomery County MD. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/Capital-Crescent-Trail/9797893_2gEWj#665062936_Jb6Y3 Right: Silver Comet Trail, Georgia http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/The-Silver-Comet-Trail-Smyrna/7170279_hKnYc#460273845_FGWbj Photos: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Left: Dalecarlia Tunnel, Capital Crescent Trail, Montgomery County MD. http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/Capital-Crescent-Trail/9797893_2gEWj#665062936_Jb6Y3 Right: Silver Comet Trail, Georgia http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/The-Silver-Comet-Trail-Smyrna/7170279_hKnYc#460273845_FGWbj

    42. Tunnels and Underpasses Design for Perception of Security Good visibility through the underpass: No hiding places. Lighting if needed. Highway underpasses: Underpass approach grade may be easier than a bridge over. Drainage issues. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 42 Clear Creek Trail crossing under Burlington Northern Railroad embankment, Jefferson County, CO; photo by Stuart Macdonald, August 1, 2009. www.americantrails.org/photoGalleries/cool/13-trails-under-railroads.htmlClear Creek Trail crossing under Burlington Northern Railroad embankment, Jefferson County, CO; photo by Stuart Macdonald, August 1, 2009. www.americantrails.org/photoGalleries/cool/13-trails-under-railroads.html

    43. Signs See MUTCD Chapter 9: http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 43

    44. Support Facilities Trailside and Trailhead Facilities Rest rooms, water. Benches along trails, hitching posts, bike racks. Buildings and built site facilities must meet accessibility guidelines for built facilities. Not our job: Park amenities: picnic pavilions, campgrounds, ball fields, boat launches, etc. Not our job: school running tracks, lighting. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 44

    45. Motorized Use on Shared Use Paths Generally prohibited. Exceptions: Motorized wheelchairs Snowmobiles or electric bicycles at State or local option See Framework for Considering Motorized Use on Nonmotorized Trails and Pedestrian Walkways www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/framework.htm Electric vehicles: currently not allowed (except electric bicycles at State or local option). CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 45

    46. Motorized Use or Larger Vehicles on Shared Use Paths Coming soon to a trail near you? CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 46 Left: Golf cart on a golf cart trail system, Peachtree City, Georgia. www.peachtree-city.org/index.aspx?NID=216 Top right: Surrey Company: www.surreycompany.com Bottom right: North Dakota Department of TransportationLeft: Golf cart on a golf cart trail system, Peachtree City, Georgia. www.peachtree-city.org/index.aspx?NID=216 Top right: Surrey Company: www.surreycompany.com Bottom right: North Dakota Department of Transportation

    47. Critique? What do you see that you like? What do you see that you dont like? CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 47 Photos: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Capital Crescent Trail, Bethesda, Maryland http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/Capital-Crescent-Trail/9797893_2gEWj#665062307_WjPu6-A-LBPhotos: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Capital Crescent Trail, Bethesda, Maryland http://images.enhancements.org/8-Rail-Trails/Capital-Crescent-Trail/9797893_2gEWj#665062307_WjPu6-A-LB

    48. Questions, Comments, etc. CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT DESIGN GENERALIST PAVEMENT & MATERIALS 48 ????? Photo: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Saunders-Monticello Trail, Charlottesville, Virginia http://images.enhancements.org/1-Ped-Bike-Facilities/Thomas-Jefferson-Parkway/11619671_Jteb2#819199614_tCLxgPhoto: National Transportation Enhancements Clearinghouse Image Library: www.enhancements.org/library/index.asp. Saunders-Monticello Trail, Charlottesville, Virginia http://images.enhancements.org/1-Ped-Bike-Facilities/Thomas-Jefferson-Parkway/11619671_Jteb2#819199614_tCLxg

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