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Learn about the crucial elements of rhetoric and invention in communication, including audience adaptation, selective exposure, and forming attitudes to achieve persuasive goals. Discover how to analyze audiences, develop strong arguments, and utilize various argument strategies for successful persuasion. Explore the importance of audience credibility, reservations, and topoi in crafting compelling messages.
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Definitions • Invention is the process by which communicators adapt to an audience what they have determined to be fact or truth in order to accomplish a predetermined purpose. • Rhetoric is the faculty of discovering in a particular case what are the available means of persuasions
The plan • The destination • The path • Selective exposure? • Balance? (Molding the audience) • Later persuasion
Goals • Forming an attitude • Strengthening an attitude • Changing an attitude
Needed arguments • Finding your claim • Determining data • Determining warrant Audience credibility
Basic argument based on source • Datum: I think… • Warrant: Source is credible • Based on: • Credibility of source
Basic argument based on audience • Datum: … will happen. • Warrant: Audiences wants … • Based on: • Credibility of datum (No source attached) • Audiences desire
Two-way argument • Datum: Because of (claim) • Warrant: (claim) is bad • Based on: • Credibility of source • Audiences desire • Basic argument • New claim
Three-way argument • Datum: New source says (claim) • Warrant: New source is credible • Based on: • Credibility of source • Audiences desire • Basic argument • New claim • New source
Audience analysis • Inseparable from argument generation: • More focus on certain arguments • Non-static: • Based on audience reactions - adaption • Problems: • Audiences that can’t be analyzed
Reservations • Determine reservations: • Claim? • Datum? • Warrant? • Estimate probability • Early in the process • Too many reservations: Develop new argument • Develop counter-arguments.
Topoi • Putting argument-generation in a system • Two types: • General topios • Topois for specific subjects • Apply every topoi to the subject • Evaluate upon the application
Topoi of good and evil • Types • Courage • Beauty • Honor • Etc. • Application: • Apply to message. • Employ worthy arguments
Topoi of Policy • Types: • Need • Inherency • Policy • Advantages • Counter plan • Application: • Apply to message. • Use all posibilities when generating message
Topoi of Public Policy • Types: - Justice - Waste - Confusion - Security - Morality -Efficiency - Strength - Prestige - Destruction • Application: • Apply to message. • Employ worthy arguments
Topoi of Fear and Pleasure • Types: • Rewards, Pleasure • Fear, Punishment • Application: • Rewrite argument to invoke either.
Topoi of American values • List of American values. • Values, not opinions • Not used for Audience Analysis • General values change over time • Application: • Generating warrants based on topois.