Human Trafficking
Slavery • Slavery (also called thralldom) is a form forced labour • people are considered to be the property of others • can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, • deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand wages.
Slavery • Can trace slavery back to 18th BC - slaves in babylon • Atlantic Slave Trade 16th-19th century • Most people were shipped from West & Central Africa & taken to North and South America to work on plantation (sugar (70%), coffee, cocoa & cotton), gold and silver mines, rice fields, or as house servants
Slavery • the Portuguese (and Brazilians), the British, the French, the Spanish, the Dutch, and the North Americans (were major players) • Enslaved people were generally obtained through coastal trading with Africans • some were captured by European slave traders through raids and kidnapping • Estimated that between 9.4 and 12 million Africans arrived in the New World slave tradecapture
Slavery
Distribution of Slaves 1519-1867 10,000,000 slaves
Distribution of Slaves 1519-1867
Portuguese America 38.5% of slaves
British America(Not North America) 21.65% of slaves
Spanish Empire 17.5% of slaves
French Americas 13.6% of slaves
British North America 6.45% of slaves
Dutch West Indies 2% of slaves
Danish West Indies 0.3% of slaves
1998, UNESCO designated August 23 as International Day for the Remembrance of the Salve Trade and its Abolition • At the 2001 @ World Conference Against Racism (Durban, S. Africa) African nations demanded a clear apology for slavery from the former slave-trading countries • Opposition from U.K., Portugal, Spain, Netherlands & U.S. • January 30, 2006, Jacque Chirac (the then French President) said that 10 May would henceforth be a national day of remembrance for the victims of slavery in France • On November 27, 2006 & March 14th, 2007, then British Prime Minister Tony Blair made a partial apology for Britain's role in the African slavery trade • U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution apologizing for American slavery and subsequent discriminatory laws
~ 2 million people are trafficked internationally every year • 27 million people enslaved in the world • 9 billion dollar business • 80% of victims --> women & children
What Makes people Vulnerable to Traffickers • Conditions of their country • Economic conditions - poverty • Political conditions - civil unrest • Lake of value & treatment of women & children • Gender roles in country • Conditions in transit country • Conditions in destination country
What Makes people Vulnerable to Traffickers • What these people have experienced as a result of the conditions • Trauma • Poverty • Disability
What Makes people Vulnerable to Traffickers • Who are they • Gender - women • Class - poor • Ethnicity - african, eastern european, south American • Who are the traffickers & how do they work
Traffickers are • Powerful & influential • Neighbours • Friends • Family members • Village chiefs • Owners of small/medium-sized businesses • Organized crime
They recruit through • Aquaintances • Family • Fake employment agencies • Newspaper ads • Front businesses • Word or mouh • Abductions
"presentable young ladies", "no qualifications or experience required", "easy work," "good conditions," and "hours by arrangement". They often offer salaries of over 2,000 dollars
Types of exploitation • Domestic services • Sex work ItalyGreeceMales http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/4037134#4037134 • Servile marriage • Criminal activity • Begging • Labour --> factory, constructions, restaurant work, agriculture • Sierra LeoneThailand
Types of exploitation • Prostitution - 46% • Domestic service - 27% • Agriculture - 10% • Sweatshop/factory - 5% • Other - 12%
Tactics used by traffickers: • Withholding of legal documents • threats and acts of physical harm to victim and victims’ family • rape • kidnapping • isolation and confinement • denial of medical care • manipulation and psychological abuse
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Raid • Nigeria • 574 James Street North • 893 King Street East • Kenilworth North • Barton Street East • Barton East • Family Massage Therapy • Faklan Heth Services
Who Are the Victims?
Portrait of a Victim - The Clues • Living at workplace or with employer • Housed with multiple people, cramped living space • Working long hours; little to no pay • No identification, travel documents • Children not in school • Physical signs of abuse and/or psychological effects
Confinement
Article 1 - United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights • All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
Solutions • Awareness • Prevention • Protection • Prosecution • Victim Assistance
