1 / 27

Basic points

Basic points. Handouts Lectures + glossary of technical words Lectures listen carefully - grasp the concept technical words in blue Videos 1 hour American accent – try to comprehend outline to help you out Writing - Prof. Shishido main points of grammar pitfalls by Japanese students

alden
Télécharger la présentation

Basic points

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Basic points • Handouts • Lectures + glossary of technical words • Lectures • listen carefully - grasp the concept • technical words in blue • Videos • 1 hour • American accent – try to comprehend • outline to help you out • Writing - Prof. Shishido • main points of grammar • pitfalls by Japanese students • 5-page essay 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  2. Reading • native English speaking science writers • 4-page handout one week before discussion • self-study during the week • discussion: Q & A • Goal • comprehend scientific English • be capable of describing scientific concepts in English http://www.h.chiba-u.jp/english/Education/H12001/ENS06.htm 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  3. Understanding the BiosphereL1 English in Natural Science 自然科学の英語 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  4. Our universe is filled with galaxies Each galaxy • is different from others • contains millions of stars 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  5. Our star, the Sun… Is one of the millions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy Has 9 planets orbiting around…the Solar System Each planet is different from others 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  6. Our planet, the Earth… Is unique in the Solar System… 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  7. …in that is the only planet with LIFE 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  8. Our universe is filled with galaxies • Each galaxy • is different from others • contains millions of stars Our star, the Sun… • Is one of the millions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy • Has 9 planets orbiting around…the Solar System • Each planet • is different from others Our planet, the Earth… • Is unique in the Solar System …in that is the only planet with LIFE 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  9. From the beginning… Earth was formed by aggregation of dust • Pressure produced heat that melted materials • lighter materials went to the surface (atmosphere) • heavier materials remained in the core • Asteroids …increased • size • mineral composition • Water? • by condensation of vapour in original atmosphere • brought by comets that crashed into Earth 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  10. Polaris Rotation 24 hr ~ 28 days Revolution 365.26 days Moon 149,597,890 km 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  11. Age: 4.6 billion years old Distance from Sun:149,597,890 km 8.3 min light Rotation period: 24 hr (1 d) Revolution period: 365.26 d Satellites: Moon Diameter:12,756 km Mass:5.9742 x 1024 kg Density:5.515 g/cm3 Gravitation: 9.8 m/s2 Earth’s astronomical data 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  12. Importance of astronomical data • Nature • Seasonal changes (summer - winter) • Climatic oscillations (e.g. glacial periods) • Natural cycles (e.g. spawning of corals, etc.) • Humans • First science in history • Ancient civilizations (Egypt, Middle East, Maya) • Human activities • Basis for measurement of time and space • Calendar (day, week, month, year) • Zodiac: influence of universe on individual’s life 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  13. Average temperature14.8 oC Planetary composition Atmosphere: Air (mixture of gasses) N2 O2 Ar CO2 Hydrosphere: 74% surface (3.7 km average depth) 1,370 x 106 km3 water (H2O, ClNa) Earth: 3000 minerals Crust (SiOx, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg) Continental (30% surface) Mantle (SiOx, Mg, S) Core (molten Fe alloy) Earth’s data P not common 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  14. Structure of the Earth 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  15. Original rocks (igneous) • Volcanic: basalt (alkaline), andesite, rhyolite (acidic) • Plutonic: granites (acidic), diorites, gabbro (alkaline) • Sedimentary rocks – weathering (erosion) • Big size: conglomerates, breccia • Small size: sandstone, shale, siltstones • Precipitation  carbonates (CO3-2) • limestone (Ca) • dolomite (Mg) • Metamorphic rocks • Igneous rocks  greenstones (amphibolites) • Sedimentary rocks: • Sandstone  quartzites • Shale  schists • Carbonate  marbles 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  16. Surface crust is dynamic 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  17. Plate tectonics • Rejuvenating the surface of the Earth • New mountains (volcanos, ridges) • New river valleys • Recycling rocks and other materials • Metamorphic rocks • Biological debris • Organic materials  petroleum • Human waste (garbage)  ?? 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  18. Evolution of the Earth • Our planet has not always been as we know it now • Changes in 4,600 million years of history • Atmosphere: from CO2 to O2 • Surface • vapour H2O  liquid H2O  ice • shape of continents (continental drift, tectonics) • Evolutionary perspective • Geological structure • Ecosystems 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  19. Geological eras http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_era 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  20. Cretaceous Continental drift 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  21. 30% land - most N hemisphere 5 continents Highest peak: Mt Everest 8850 m 70% water - most S hemisphere 3 oceans Deepest trench: Marianas 10973 m Current Earth 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  22. Biosphere The living matter enveloping the surface of the Earth & filling its oceans 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  23. Conditions for a biosphere • Material composition and availability of chemicals • Abundant C, O, N, H and P, Ca, S • Atmosphere - not poisonous • Adequate planet size: gravitational force to hold it • Steady supply of energy, not fluctuating • Normal star (Sun) • Planet’s orbit near circular • Temperature • allow normalchemical reactions • water (H2O) in liquid form 0 < T < 100 oC 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  24. Sources of energy Internal – the Earth • Volcanos • hot springs • Deep ocean trenches • Hydrothermal vents • Plumes • External - the Sun • Photosynthesis • Hydrological cycle • Climate 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  25. Basic principles (rules) • Conservation of matter– same amount of matter • Small input: meteorites, falling debris • Small output: H and He losses • Conservation of energy - 1st law of thermodynamics “Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed” • Natural processes - 2nd law of thermodynamics A + B  C + D + energy • always in direction of highest entropy entropy [A+B] < entropy [C+D] • Biological systems constantly… • Recycle matter (biomass) • Require energy input to create more organisms  less entropy 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  26. Definitions • Ecology: oikos (household) + logos (study) • Study of interactions between organisms and environment • Ecosystem: ecological system • Biological component – organisms • Non-biological component – land, water, air • Biosphere: entire biological systems on Earth • Biodiversity: variety of species in an ecosystem • Biogeography: geographical distribution of species 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  27. References • Fred T. Mackenzie. 1998. Our changing planet : an introduction to earth system science and global environmental change /環境リモートセンタcall 519 • David E. Alexander & Rhodes W. Fairbridge (eds). 1999. Encyclopedia of environmental science / 本館参考call 519.03||ENC 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

More Related