THERAPY

1. THERAPY PSYCHOLOGY Ms. Currey Ms. LaBaw

2. Things you’ll know… • What are the 4 major approaches to psychological therapy? Briefly describe each. • What are the three major drug groups, and what disorders are each primarily used for? • Explain ECT and what disorder it is used for. • What is one psychosurgery that is now rarely used? • What is better, psychotherapy, drug therapy, or both? Why?

3. PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPY • 4 MAJOR APPROACHES: • 1. Psychoanalytic • 2. Humanistic • 3. Behavioral • 4. Cognitive • *Eclectic Approach uses techniques from different combinations of the four approaches.

4. Psychoanalytic Approach • Dig up the past to clarify the present • Inspired by Freud • Free association- say whatever comes to mind when thinking about a childhood event. • Hesitation • Leave something out • Analyst’s job is to offer interpretation and insight • Usually used dream analysis

5. Problems • Debate whether or not we repress important memories • Very expensive, so only the wealthy can afford treatment • Refuting gets you nowhere with the analyst.

6. Psychoanalytic Approach cont. • Psychodynamic • Try to foster insight to original problem from childhood, but focus on ‘the now’ • Fewer meeting times • Interpersonal • Life now and what’s going on now • Proved effective against depression

7. Humanistic Aim is to increase self-awareness and self-acceptance Foster growth instead of relieving an illness (clients not patients) Focus on the present & future Emphasize conscious instead of unconscious Thought that potential for self-fulfillment already exists

8. Humanistic cont. • Client-Centered Therapy • Developed by Carl Rogers • Uses non-directive methods • Active listening: Echo, Restate, Clarify • Supportive and empathetic environment

9. Behavioral Approach • To replace fearful thoughts and related behaviors with constructive thoughts and actions • Classical Conditioning • 2 Types • Systematic Desensitization • Aversive Conditioning • Operant Conditioning

10. Classical Conditioning • Counterconditioning- associate new responses to situations 1.) Systematic Desensitization • Associate pleasant/relaxed state with gradually increasing stimuli that causes anxiety • Uses progressive relaxation and modeling **Technique commonly used for phobias.

11. Classical Conditioning cont. 2.) Aversive Conditioning • Associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior • Positive reaction now becomes a negative one • Often combined with another form of treatment =

12. Operant Conditioning • Withhold rewards or punish for unwanted behaviors • Reward desired behaviors • Reinforce the small steps • Good for autism • 2 Problems: • If reward isn’t there??? • Ethical???

13. Cognitive Approach • Our thinking affects how we feel • Best used for depression • Negative thoughts fuel these feelings • Teach clients to think constructively rather than destructively • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) • Change self-defeating thoughts and inappropriate behaviors • Good for OCD

14. BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES • Before 1950’s, not much was available for treating severe disorders • Usually hospitalized • Mechanical devices were used • Drug Therapy • Helped patients “breakthrough” to a more stable hold on reality • Deinstitutionalization

15. Drug Therapy • 3 Major Types 1. ) Antipsychotics • Used mainly for Schizophrenia • Reduced level of delusions and hallucinations • Help focus attention on significant aspects of environment • Block Dopamine • Thorazine and Clozaril • SE= Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, tardive dyskinesia, damage to white blood cells **Not “feel-good” drugs**

16. Drug Therapy cont. 2.) Antianxiety Drugs • Treat anxiety and panic disorder • Works by boosting GABA • Sedative and euphoric effect • Temporary relief—don’t solve the problem • Used best in combo with psychotherapy • Valium, Librium, Xanax • Shouldn’t be taken with other CNS depressants

17. Drug Therapy cont. 3.) Antidepressants • Treats major depression • Classified by how they work (neurotransmitters) • Most common are SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) • Boost serotonin in the brain • Taken by approx. 38 million people around the world • Must be taken for about 1 month before effects are felt (therapeutic lag) • Bipolar Disorder responds well to lithium compounds – lack of understanding how it works, but it does.

18. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • Began in Europe in early 1900’s. • Insulin levels led to convulsions; decreased symptoms • Late 1930’s started using electricity • Effective in treating depression, but scary to watch • Modern day, muscle relaxants and sedatives are given • Used when drug therapy doesn’t work (major depression) • Sometimes used on suicidal patients • SE= memory loss

19. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) cont. • No explanation as to the reasons it works • Controversial treatment • New Techniques: • Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) • Implants • Less traumatic

20. Psychosurgery • Lobotomy • Now very rare • Used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients • Cuts nerves that connects the frontal lobe to deeper emotional centers

21. SOOOOO…..What’s the best? • Combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy.

22. Exit Slip • What are the 4 major approaches to psychological therapy? Briefly describe each. • What are the three major drug groups, and what disorders are each primarily used for? • Explain ECT and what disorder it is used for. • What is one psychosurgery that is now rarely used? • What is better, psychotherapy, drug therapy, or both? Why?