Presentation Transcript

1. Neoclassical/ Restoration

   Years: 1660 - 1798
2. Ntoh McClure Deanna Dowlatpanah Rachael Wood Reann Huber Charles Bronner
3. Philosophies of the 18th century
4. Progress The people of this time period really received much more knowledge of being in a more balanced lifestyle. People found wisdom through the mistakes they had made in the past that caused many disasters. Authors wrote about how so many people suffered during poverty and needed to find help to give them more knowledge. Writers sought out new ways to broaden their intellect and spread it to the people of Britain.
5. Deism People in the 18th century believed in an almighty Creator that chose their religion. The Creator was untouchable to everyone and there was no direct interference with them. Deism was a strict theme for the 18th century since so many people were followers of this. They believed that everything in nature was self-explanatory and self-operating. Deists became their own “freethinkers” saying the only evil beings (as in poverty and war) can be overcome by man’s will. As long as deists have an ability of common sense they do not need someone to tell them how they should worship or who they follow. Deists regard anything they believe is not the way of nature, as in people who believe in miracles or who follow prophecies.
6. Tolerance Tolerance is respecting others religion even though it is not your own. Many people were prejudice about people who did not believe in their religion or what they followed. During this time the new concept of tolerance was established. Christians were the dominant religion during the 18th century, so tolerance was mostly referred to them.
7. Religion and Politics People’s religion determined their political views on society. Deists believed that churches and other religious symbols are not needed in life. These people caused political turmoil, especially when more people wanted political freedom and justice.
8. 1653 to 1658- Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell ruled between King Charles I and King Charles II. After Cromwell died and King Charles II was brought back from exile, King Cromwell was dug up and beheaded. Cromwell ruled while Charles II was in exile and after Charles II died.
9. 1660- Charles II obtains the throne marking the beginning of the Restoration. Charles II became king after Charles I was executed during a bloody Civil War. On May 2, 1670 he signed the Hudson’s Bay Company charter, naming his cousin Rupert as “true lord and proprietor” of the Hudson Bay. Guided his country through religious unrests. He was forced to accept the role of limited monarch to regain the throne and was known for his religious tolerance. Ruled from 1660 to 1685 and was politically adaptable.
10. 1665- Plague More than 68,000 Londoners died as a result A deadly disease caused from bacteria A gangrene disease that assured certain death People who were infected wouldn’t know for days, and by then the disease had spread even further. Other people just felt weak and sat down, fell asleep, and died. Doctors treated patients saying that if they could remove the scabs covering the sores that the person would heal, but that was a rare happening. Daniel Defoe wrote of his life during this time in “A journal of the Plague Year”
11. 1666- The Great Fire of London Destroyed two-thirds of the city Began on September 2, 1666 Samuel Pepys wrote of his experience with the fire in “The Diary of Samuel Pepys” It began as a small fire on Pudding Lane in the bakeshop of Thomas Farynor, baker to King Charles the II. The houses were made of wood and pitch so the fire spread very quickly. The fire fighters had very little luck controlling the blaze with buckets of water from the river.
12. Great Fire of London continued The next step to stop the fire was to tear down the houses in its path and deprive it of fuel, but Lord Mayor Bludworth was afraid to destroy the houses for fear of the cost to rebuild them. He finally decided to demolish the houses but by then it was to late the rubble from the destroyed houses could not be moved fast enough and the fire continued. The fire continued for four days before it was extinguished and though life loss was as little as sixteen the amount of property loss was enormous. The only positive thing that came from the fire was the death of the plagued rats which destroyed most of the disease.
13. 1687- Sir Isaac Newton Published mathematical principles of natural philosophy Established scientific laws of motion and gravity Newton discovered his laws of gravity after an apple fell and hit him on the head. Most famous for his three laws of gravity
14. Sir Isaac Newton continued Newton helped develop calculus which he called “The Science of Fluxions.” Newton had an argument with mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz when he released his ideas on calculus. Newton claimed that Leibniz stole the information from him. The dispute was never really settled but later people came to the conclusion that both Newton and Leibniz developed the concept at the same time and just had different ways of presenting it.
15. 1690- John Locke He published an essay concerning human understanding, a landmark of rationalist philosophy. He introduced the idea of his 1690 Treatises which states that those who work the land should own the piece of property that they work.
16. 1695- Penal Laws and Test Act of 1673 Deprived Catholics of Civil Rights Officers were forced to speak out against Transubstantiation (bread and wine representing the blood and body of Christ) Officers were forced to go against popery Imprisonment for life was the price to be paid if any clergy exercised priestly duties. A reward of 100 pounds was offered for the capture of any priest Those who refused to attend Churches of England were forbidden from owning, buying, or inheriting property.
17. 1707- Great Britain England, Scotland, and Wales were unified politically to become Great Britain. Through England and Scotland (shared same monarch) and a single all-island Kingdom of Great Britain the UK was created Great Britain joined with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK) The UK later became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
18. 1754- War The Seven Years’ War began When it ended Britain controlled most territories in North America Included the French and Indian War and Pomeranian War Great Britain and Spain gained New France Between 900,000 and 1,400,000 people were killed Treaty of Paris and Treaty of Hubertusburg ended the war in 1763
19. 1765- James Watt He invented the modern steam engine. The steam engine powered the Industrial Revolution Changed world from agricultural to industrial Made improvements to the steam engine in 1769 and then again in 1784 Largest energy source in the Industrial Revolution and greatly improved its productivity
20. 1755- War War with American colonies began Ended in 1783 Americans revolted against Britain and earned their freedom American Revolution
21. 1780- Irish British put down Irish nationalist rebellion Led by United Irishmen British were terrorizing the country and arrested most of the members of the United Irishmen organization Ireland revolted before the French could arrive to help the British because then a revolution would be pointless
22. 1798- Smallpox Vaccine Edward Jenner developed a smallpox vaccine Smallpox was a major cause of death in the 18th century. Jenner introduced the term virus. Jenner tested his theory that if someone had cow pox they would not get smallpox. He injected an eight year old boy with cow pox and then six weeks later (after his reaction) injected him with smallpox finding him immune. Jenner procedure spread very quickly and soon most of Britain was healed.
23. John Bunyan Born in 1628-1688, Bedford, England Education Author of Pilgrim’s Progress He was not well educated He mended household items Received some education at a local schoolhouse
24. Bunyan (continued) Religion When married he taught himself to read by reading the Bible. He became an unlicensed preacher and got arrested. He went to prison for twelve years. While in prison he wrote many religious stories. When he was released from prison he became a licensed preacher but got arrested again because of his religion.
25. Bunyan (continued) During the time he was in prison he wrote The Pilgrim’s Progress. The Pilgrim’s Progress was translated to 100 different languages! Pilgrim’s progress
26. The Pilgrim By John Bunyan John Bunyan Who would true Valour see Let him come hither;    One here will Constant be,    Come Wind, come Weather.    There's no Discouragement, Shall make him once Relent, His first avow'd Intent, To be a Pilgrim. Who so beset him round, With dismal Stories, Do but themselves Confound;    His Strength the more is. No Lyon can him fright, He'l with a Gyant Fight, But he will have a right, To be a Pilgrim. Hobgoblin, nor foul Fiend, Can daunt his Spirit: He knows, he at the end, Shall Life Inherit. Then Fancies fly away,    He'l fear not what men say,    He'l labour Night and Day, To be a Pilgrim.
27. Quotes from thee John Bunyan “Prayer will make a man cease from sin, or sin will entice a man to cease from prayer.” “Pray often; for prayer is a shield to the soul, a sacrifice to God, and a scourge for Satan.” “He who runs from God in the morning will scarcely find him the rest of the day.”
28. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) Defoe was a tradesman, political agent, reformer, and journalist. Born as Daniel Foe/ he added De- to his name at age 35. Barred from attending Oxford or Cambridge University because he was a nonconformist who did not belong to an Anglican church. Attended Dissenter’s Academy. Merchant dealing in wool, real estate, diving bells he made and lost his fortunes. Participated in politics/ sometimes offending government/ other times being a spy or propagandist. Wrote over 500 works, in prose and verse, including news pamphlet (The Review) which he published 3 times a week for over 7 years (wrote about choosing a wife, history of the devil, and manufacture of glass) Best know for his fiction stories Henry Foe (Daniel Defoe’s grandfather) narrates “A Journal of a Plague year”
29. Works by Daniel Defoe Chapter I - Start In Life I WAS born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, though not of that country, my father being a foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull. He got a good estate by merchandise, and leaving off his trade, lived afterwards at York, from whence he had married my mother, whose relations were named Robinson, a very good family in that country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but, by the usual corruption of words in England, we are now called - nay we call ourselves and write our name - Crusoe; and so my companions always called me.
30. I had two elder brothers, one of whom was lieutenant-colonel to an English regiment of foot in Flanders, formerly commanded by the famous Colonel Lockhart, and was killed at the battle near Dunkirk against the Spaniards. What became of my second brother I never knew, any more than my father or mother knew what became of me. Summary: Robinson Crusoe longs to go to see but his parents are against it and he has to honor his parents. Eventually he leaves on a ship with a friend and becomes very prosperous. After returning home he sets out soon after and his ship is taken by pirates! After escaping he goes on and expedition searching for slaves and ends up ship wrecked on an island and the only survivor. He remains there for a while undisturbed and learns many skills in order to survive. After years he finds cannibals and rescues a few of their victims which in turn agree to work for him. Spaniards then arrive and after Robinson helps the mutinied captain regain his ship he sails home. He returns to find his money safe but his family dead except for his sisters. He then sells his land and does tedious of returning to sea.
31. This story is based on man’s want for progress, which was a new philosophy in the Neoclassical Period. Robinson Crusoe wants to go to sea and discover things that no one else had. Man naturally desires to prove himself better than others by inventing or discovering something new. Robinson also deals with his brother going off to war which was another common happening during this period. A bloody Civil War was how King Charles I was killed. The story “Robinson Crusoe” fits in with this period by way of progress and war.
32. Samuel Johnson He was the son of an unsuccessful bookseller He lost sight in one eye because of infection He’s most famous for A Dictionary of the English Language(1775) He attend Pembroke College, in Oxford His father died in 1731, leaving him in poverty and causing him to drop out of his studies
33. Samuel Johnson (continued) He married Elisabeth Porter, a widow 20 years older than him, in 1735 He started a school in Edial, but wasn’t successful because he had no degree and his twitching disturbed the class When the poet Richard Savage, who was well acquainted with Johnson, died, Johnson began to write A Dictionary of the English Language(1775) Some of the Works of Johnson: The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749), The Rambler (1750-1752), The Prince of Abyssinia (1759) He died of pneumonia
34. Samuel Johnson- A Dictionary of the English Language (sample) To fart. To break wind behind.As when we gun discharge, Although the bore be ne're so large, Before the flame from muzzle burst, Just at the breech it flashes first; So from my lord his passion broke, He farted first, and then he spoke - Swift Lexicographer: A writer of dictionaries; a harmless drudge that busies himself in tracing the original, and detailing the signification of words. Oats. A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland appears to support the people
35. Jonathan Swift Born in Dublin, Ireland (English parents) Regarded himself as more English than Irish Studied at Trinity College in Dublin Worked as a private secretary for Sir William Temple Master’s degree from Oxford University Wanted to improve human conduct through writing Wrote Gulliver’s Travel (1726) Wrote A Modest Proposal (1729) Swift’s most famous pamphlet
36. Jonathan continued Prose writer of the early eighteenth century The secret of a good prose is “proper words in proper places.” – Jonathan Swift Swift didn’t write for fame or money His experiences in Ireland gave him clear knowledge of poverty and suffering of lower classes which helped him write A Modest Proposal.
37. Gulliver’s Travels (1726) Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift A LETTER FROM CAPTAIN GULLIVER TO HIS COUSIN SYMPSON. WRITTEN IN THE YEAR 1727. I hope you will be ready to own publicly, whenever you shall be called to it, that by your great and frequent urgency you prevailed on me to publish a very loose and uncorrect account of my travels, with directions to hire some young gentleman of either university to put them in order, and correct the style, as my cousin Dampier did, by my advice, in his book called "A Voyage round the world." But I do not remember I gave you power to consent that any thing should be omitted, and much less that any thing should be inserted; therefore, as to the latter, I do here renounce every thing of that kind; particularly a paragraph about her majesty Queen Anne, of most pious and glorious memory; although I did reverence and esteem her more than any of human species.
38. (Continued…) But you, or your interpolator, ought to have considered, that it was not my inclination, so was it not decent to praise any animal of our composition before my master Houyhnhnm: And besides, the fact was altogether false; for to my knowledge, being in England during some part of her majesty's reign, she did govern by a chief minister; nay even by two successively, the first whereof was the lord of Godolphin, and the second the lord of Oxford; so that you have made me say the thing that was not. Likewise in the account of the academy of projectors, and several passages of my discourse to my master Houyhnhnm, you have either omitted some material circumstances, or minced or changed them in such a manner, that I do hardly know my own work.
39. Characteristics of Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver arrived at the new land with no knowledge of the culture of the people who live there. It took him awhile to understand the language they spoke there. Gulliver learned of the tension between the people he was staying with and another group of people like them. He was told about the different conflicts that happened in these two different places he visited. Gulliver began to see the things that were changing for something better instead of dwelling on all of the mishaps in the past.
40. Characteristics of A Modest Proposal A Modest Proposal Swift talked of the amount of children lost at such a young age. Poverty spread all throughout Ireland causing starvation and even more deaths. More women gave birth to children who will never know there father. Many people had to learn of ways to make a living and support their lives and family. Swift wanted the general public to hear what was happening and to make them realize that they need to put a stop to this. This pamphlet was written to prevent poverty stricken families and for children not to be abandoned with nothing to call their own.
41. Alexander Pope Born on May 21st, 1688 Birthplace- London, England He was a Roman Catholic He had a type of tuberculosis that stunted his growth at a young age. His father was a retired linen merchant He began his poetic career when he was sixteen He died May 30th, 1744
42. The Rape of the Lock Belinda’s guardian sylph, Ariel, warned her in a dream that some disaster will befall her, and promises to protect her to the best of his abilities. At the end, everybody gets into a fight and the lock is lost. The rape of the lock is a bout a baron cutting a lock of Belinda’s hair, to show that he loves her. It had been applied to the subject matter of love and war The strategy of the rape of the lock was to mock his society in its very failure to rise epic standards. It underscores the ridiculousness of a society in which values have lost all importance.
43. The Rape of the Lock Belinda wins! Coffee is served, the vapors of which go to the Baron’s brain and embolden him to carry out his assault on Belinda’s hair. Clarissa, a lady who fancies the Baron, withdraws scissors from a case and arms him with the weapon. When he closes in behind Belinda, she bends over her coffee, exposing a magnificent lock. But a thousand sprites come to her aid, using their wings to blow hair over the lock. They also tug at one of her diamond earrings to alert her to the danger. Three times they warn her and three times she looks around. But all is for naught. The Baron opens wide his weapon, closes it around the lock, and cuts. The rape of her lock enrages Belinda:
44. History works cited Book Rags. "Seven Year's War." 2006. Book Rags. 29 August 2010 <http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Seven_Years'_War>. BP Works. http://csmh.pbworks.com/1687+-+Sir+Isaac+Newton. 2008. 28 August 2010. British Battles.com. "The War of the Revolution 1775 to 1783." 2010. British Battles.com. 29 August 2010 <http://www.britishbattles.com/american-revolution.htm>. Flood, Andrew N. "The 1798 rebellion and the origins of Irish republicanism." The Rising of the Moon. 29 August 2010 <http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/andrew/1798republicanism.html>. Holt Rinehart Winston. Elements of Literature. Orlando, Fl: Holt Rinehart Winston, 1977. "John Locke 1632-1704." History of Economic Thought. 28 August 2010 <http://homepage.newschool.edu/het//profiles/locke.htm>. Jokinen, Anniina. "The Great Fire of London, 1666." 26 October 2001. Luminarium: Encyclopedia Project. 28 August 2010 <http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/greatfire.htm>. Jones, Terry H. "Penal Laws." New Catholic Dictionary. 28 August 2010 <http://saints.sqpn.com/ncd06402.htm>. Microsoft Corporation. "Edward Jenner – founder of a vaccination for smallpox." 2003. nzgirl. 29 August 2010 <http://www.nzgirl.co.nz/people/1730/>. Word IQ. "Word IQ." 2010. Political Definition. 29 August 2010 <http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Great_Britain>.
45. All works cited August 2010 <http://kirjasto.sci.fi/samuelj.html>. August 2010 <http://www.notablebiographies.com/Pe-Pu/Pope->. August 2010 <Alexander.html://www.notablebiographies.com/Pe-Pu/Pope-Alexander.htmp://>. Brief Biography The Samuel Johnson Sound Bite Page. 18 January 2010. August 2010 <http://www.samueljohnson.com/briefbio.html>. Holt Rinehart & Winston. Elements of Literature. Orlando, FL: Holt Rinehart Winston, 1997. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Holt Elements of Literature. August 2010 <http://school.nettrekker.com/goExternal?np=/external.ftl&pp=/error.ftl&evlCode=325347&productName=school&HOMEPAGE=H>. Sampler of Popular Johnson Quotes. 18 January 2010. August 2010 <http://www.samueljohnson.com/popular.html>. Thinkronize, Inc. Jonathon Swift. 2010. August 2010 <http://school.nettrekker.com/goSubject?np=/subjectresults.ftl&nodeIDs=5764&nodeID=5764&al=High&maxLevels=3&maxSites=8&allWords=Restoration/18th%20Century%20British%20Literature&HOMEPAGE=H>.
46. Picture Works Cited A Modest Proposal. August 2010 <http://ebooks-imgs.connect.com/ebooks/product/400/000/000/000/000/050/442/400000000000000050442_s4.jpg>. A Plague Upon Both Your Houses! August 2010 <http://listverse.com/2009/02/25/10-more-fascinating-facts-that-are-wrong/>. File:Oliver Cromwell by Robert Walker.jpg. August 2010 <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oliver_Cromwell_by_Robert_Walker.jpg>. Gulliver's Travels. August 2010 <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17157/17157-h/images/01.jpg>. Gulliver's Travels. August 2010 <http://www.johnwalkerillustration.com/page2/files/gullver-website.jpg>. Irish Shamrock. August 2010 <http://karenswhimsy.com/irish-shamrock.shtm>. James Watt. August 2010 <http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/images/james-watt.html>. Johnathan Swift. August 2010 <http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/swift/jonathan/portrait.jpg>. Jonathan Swift Quote. August 2010 <http://rlv.zcache.com/confederacy_of_dunces_card-p137837683652076824q0yk_400.jpg>. King Charles II (1630-85). August 2010 <http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/conMediaFile.4728/King-Charles-II-(163085).html>. Map of Great Britain. August 2010 <http://www.hertfordshire.com/pages/maps/great-britain.asp>. net Trekker Search. August 2010 <http://school.nettrekker.com/goExternal?np=/images/imageExternal.ftl&pp=/images/imageExternal.ftl&pass=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamburger-bildungsserver.de%2Ffaecher%2Fdeutsch%2Fweltliteratur%2Fdefoe%2Fdefoe.jpg&imgClass=resultsWidth resultsHeight&productName=sch>. Pepys records Great Plague. August 2010 <http://www.todayinsci.com/4/4_30.htm>. Religion. August 2010 <http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00156/roanokeculture2.html>. Robinson Crusoe Movie. August 2010 <http://www.azcentral.com/i/sized/2/5/5/e298/j350/PHP48F6398E79552.jpg>. Seton Hall University Honors Program. August 2010 <http://academic.shu.edu/honors/2103.html>. The American Civil War. August 2010 <http://mrsoestreich.org/portfolio.html>. The theory of positioning (How Sir Isaac Newton and others made GPS possible). August 2010 <http://www.ja-gps.com.au/what-is-gps.aspx>. Vaccination Liberation - Information. August 2010 <http://www.vaclib.org/news/smallpoxalert.htm>. WOTD – Seven Years’ War. August 2010 <http://www.baggas.com/posts/2007/06/20/wotd-seven-years-war/>.
47. The End! 