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FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY

FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY. ETHYL ALCOHOL. TOXICOLOGY. The study of poisons. TOXICOLOGISTS. Detect and identify drugs and poisons in body fluids, tissues, and organs. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGISTS. OCCUPATIONALTOXICOLOGISTS. FORENSIC TOXICOLOGISTS- duties limited to legal issues.

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FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY

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  1. FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY ETHYL ALCOHOL

  2. TOXICOLOGY The study of poisons

  3. TOXICOLOGISTS Detect and identify drugs and poisons in body fluids, tissues, and organs

  4. ENVIRONMENTALTOXICOLOGISTS

  5. OCCUPATIONALTOXICOLOGISTS

  6. FORENSIC TOXICOLOGISTS-duties limited to legal issues • Workplace drug testing - Postmortem drug testing Investigation of contraband materials

  7. TOXICOLOGY OF ALCOHOL A CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANT

  8. 90 MILLION AMERICANS DRINK.. 10 MILLION HAVE A “DRINKING PROBLEM”

  9. EFFECTS OF ETHYL ALCOHOLON THE HUMAN BODY PRINCIPAL EFFECT IS ON THE

  10. FOREBRAIN IS AFFECTED FIRST • reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, • emotions, and problem solving

  11. REAR PORTIONS ARE AFFECTED NEXT movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

  12. … FINALLY THE MEDULLA IS AFFECTED

  13. LOWERS INHIBITIONS In one study of unplanned pregnancies in 14-21 year olds, 1/3 of the girls who had gotten pregnant had been drinking when they had sex; 91% of them reported that the sex was unplanned. Half of all newly-reported AIDS cases are for young people ages 14-21…

  14. IMPAIRS JUDGEMENT 40% OF TRAFFIC FATALITIES INVOLVE ALCOHOL

  15. LONG-TERM EFFECTS CIRRHOTIC LIVER HEALTHY LIVER JAUNDICEDKIDNEYS

  16. ABSORPTION INTO THE BLOODSTREAM 20% OF ALCOHOL IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM ACROSS THE WALLS OF THE STOMACH 80% IS ABSORBED ACROSS THE WALLS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

  17. FACTORS THAT AFFECTHOW FASTALCOHOLIS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM

  18. TIME TAKEN TO CONSUME THE DRINK

  19. ALCOHOL CONTENT OF THE DRINK

  20. TYPE OF ALCOHOL ABSORBED SLOWLY ABSORBED FASTER

  21. AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMED

  22. AMOUNT AND TYPE OF FOOD IN

  23. WEIGHT OF DRINKER

  24. SEX OF DRINKER

  25. ALCOHOL DISTRIBUTESONLY TO WATERY AREAS

  26. ONE DRINK IS EQUAL TO.. ONE

  27. Maximum blood-alcohol concentrations in the blood may not be reached until after time of consumption TO 90 MIN IS AVERAGE

  28. Under NORMAL SOCIAL DRINKING conditions It takes anywhere from30 – 90 minutes from the time of the final drink until absorption is complete

  29. Since alcohol is distributed through the watery portions of the body Other organs may be tested for alcohol

  30. ELIMINATION OF “BURN-OFF” RATE 0.015% - 0.020% w/v per hour (0.015% is .015 g alcohol per 100 ml blood) 1 – 1½ DRINKS PER HOUR

  31. OXIDATION AROUND 95% OF ALCOHOL THAT ENTERS THE BODY IS OXIDIZED IN THE LIVER Alcohol → acetaldehyde → acetic acid→ CO2 + H2O

  32. EXCRETION Is the elimination of alcohol in UNCHANGED STATE 5%

  33. Blood Alcohol Content

  34. Measuring Breath for BAC Amount of Alcohol EXHALED is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the Concentration of alcohol in the BLOOD

  35. Two ways to measure alcoholin the body: INDIRECT METHOD DIRECT METHOD:

  36. ANATOMY ARTERIES VEINS CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART CARRY BLOOD TO THE HEART

  37. Alcohol travels through the body: 20% of alcohol is Absorbed from walls of stomach To veins

  38. (Small intestine) 80% passes from walls of small intestine to Veins to liver

  39. In ALVEOLI oxygen enters the blood and CO2 leaves it

  40. At 340 C The ratio of alcohol in the blood To alcohol in the alveoli is 2100:1

  41. 1 ml of blood contains the Same amount of alcohol as 2100 ml alveolar breath

  42. DURING ABSORPTION: CONCENTRATION OF ALCOHOL IN ARTERIAL BLOOD WILL BE CONSIDERABLY HIGHER THAN VENOUS BLOOD (dark red color) During elimination, venous blood has higher BAC

  43. THE BREATHALYZER Measures ALCOHOL CONTENTof ALVEOLAR BREATH

  44. THEBREATHALYZER INDIRECTLY MEASURES THE AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMED BY MEASURING THE ABSORPTION OF LIGHT USING A SPECTROPHOTOMETER

  45. HOW IT WORKS: 16 H+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) + 3 C2H5OH(l) → (orange) (alcohol) 4 Cr3+(aq) + 3 CH3COOH(aq) + 11 H2O(l) (green) UNUSEDORANGEMIXES WITH GREEN PRODUCED TO MAKE A BLUE SOLUTION

  46. In other words…. ORANGE + ALCOHOL→ GREEN (Cr2O72-(aq)) Little or no alcohol: ORANGE Some alcohol: BLUE (orange + green ) A lot of alcohol: GREEN or GREENISH BLUE The HIGHER the concentration of alcohol, the LOWER the concentration of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)

  47. FIELD SOBRIETY TESTS are performed to find the degree of impairment and whether an evidential test is justified

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