New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres

1. New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres 2200-250 BCE

2. Early China 2000-221 BCE

3. China is isolated from the rest of Asia by mountain ranges, deserts and the Pacific • But were able to trade goods and ideas • Eastern Asia is great for agriculture • Southern China receives monsoonal rain Geography and Resources

4. China’s eastern river valleys and northern plain • Contain timber, stone, metal deposits, and productive land • Why so fertile? • Loess, a yellowish-brownish dust that blows in from Central Asia • Gives the Yellow River (Huang He) it’s name

5. Agriculture • Required people working together • clear forests • build water channels and dikes • build reservoirs • build terraces

6. Crops • In the north • Millet and wheat • In the south • Rice • Rice can feed more people per cultivated acre than any other grain!

7. Shang family • Originated in the Yellow River Valley • Extended their control north into Mongolia, westward and then south to the Yangzi river • The beginning of Chinese written history The Shang Period, 1750-1027 BCE

8. The King and his court ruled the center of the region • Royal family members and nobility governed the provinces • In some far off regions, native rulers that swore allegiance to the Shang King were allowed to rule • The region was connected by roads

9. The Shang often fought against the nomads to the north • Called them “barbarians” • Shang cities • Palaces, administrative buildings, storehouses, royal tombs, shrines of gods and ancestors • All surrounded by a city wall

10. Commoners • Often lived outside of the city • Focused on agriculture

11. Writing system • Pictograms and phonetic symbols • Hundreds of signs • Small number of educated elite knew the system • (the main principle of this writing exists today, where as cuneiform and heiroglyphics have been replaced)

12. Religion • King was the intermediary between the people and the gods • Male ancestors were worshipped • Rulers used divination to determine the will of the gods • Example on pages 42 and 43 • Made ritual sacrifices • Animals and humans, upon the death of a ruler

13. Bronze • Possession meant power and nobility • Weapons made the state powerful • Vessels were used in religious ceremonies • Ex. Pg. 41 • The Shang expanded mining efforts of copper and tin

14. The last Shang ruler was defeated by Wu, the ruler of Zhou • The Zhou line of kings was the longest lasting of all dynasties • The Zhou preserved Shang culture and added to it The Zhou Period, 1027-221 BCE

15. Mandate of Heaven • The Zhou used the idea to justify their take over • The idea: the ruler had been chosen by the supreme deity and would retain his backing as long as he served as a wise, principled, and energetic guardian of his people

16. Religious rituals • Decline in use of divination • Decline in human sacrifices

17. Western Zhou rule • 11th – 9th century BCE • Early period • Capitals were in the western part of the kingdom • Decentralized rule • Member and allies of the royal family ruled local territories autonomously • Elaborate ceremonies impressed people

18. Eastern Zhou era • 800 to 300 BCE • Moved their capital to the east • 800 BCE • Local rulers became more independent • Often went to war with each other • Warring States Period • 480-221 BCE • Unification of China • 221 BCE

19. Changes during the Eastern Zhou • Walls between city-states • Fighter on horseback, learned from the steppe nomads • Iron began replacing bronze weapons • Southern China – first to forge steel

20. In the states • Law codes were written • Governments collected taxes from the peasants • Began large public works projects • The philosophy of Legalism became popular • Believed human nature is wicked • Strict laws are required to get people to behave • Personal freedom must be sacrificed for the good of the state

21. Confucius • Kongzi (551-479 BCE) • An aristocrat from a small state • Idea of duty and public service • Saw a parallel between family and state • A set hierarchy Confucianism, Daoism and Chinese Society

22. Family

23. Government

24. Confucius • Government exists to serve the people • The ruler gains respect by displaying fairness and integrity • Benevolence, avoidance of violence, justice, rationalism, loyalty and dignity • Had little influence in his lifetime

25. Daoism • During the Warring States period • Developed by Laozi • Wanted to stop the warfare • Encouraged people to follow the Dao or “path” of nature • Suggests going through life passively without fighting

26. Social organization changes • From clans or large family groups to 3 generational families • Grandparents, parents, children • New idea of private property • Belonged to the men of the family and was divided amongst the sons

27. Life of women… • Very little is known • Written records tell us they were subordinate in a patriarchal society • Fathers arranged marriages • Men could have one wife, but other sexual partners as concubines

28. Concept of yin and yang • Yang = Male; like the sun is active, bright and shining • Yin = Female; like the moon is passive, shaded and reflective • The symbol shows the balance of the two forces

29. Nubia 3100 BCE – 350 CE

30. Along the Nile • South of Egyptian civilization • River irrigation was necessary • Six cataracts obstructed boat traffic • ~3000BCE • Turned to agriculture and cattle herding • Was a corridor of trade to Egypt Early Cultures and Egyptian Domination, 2300-1100 BCE

31. Middle Kingdom – 2040 – 1640 BCE • Egyptian rulers tried to take Nubian gold mines • Set up brick forts to protect southern Egypt and regulate commerce

32. Kush • In the fertile Dongola region of Nubia • Powerful Kings • 1750 BCE – used forced labor to build large monuments • Dozens to hundreds of servants and wives sacrificed upon their deaths • Proves a belief in the afterlife

33. New Kingdom – 1532-1070 BCE • Egyptians pushed further south • Destroyed Kush • Forced native workers to work in the mines • Many died • Imposed Egyptian culture • Nubians served in the Egyptian army • Nubians began using at least parts of Egyptian religion

34. Egypt’s authority in Nubia collapsed after 1200 BCE • 712 to 660 BCE • Nubians ruled all of Egypt as the 25th Dynasty • The ruled according to Egyptian custom The Kingdom of Meroe, 800 BCE- 350 CE

35. 701 BCE • The Nubians made a mistake • Offered to help the Palestinians fight the Assyrians • The Assyrians reacted by invading Egypt and pushing Nubian power back to Nubia • Egyptian culture remained in Nubia • Ex. Burial, small pyramids, hieroglyphics

36. By 400 BCE • Nubian power was centered in Meroe • Sub Saharan culture began to replace Egyptian culture • Women of Meroe • Royal women involved in politics, sometimes queens ruled • Matrilineal society • The king was succeeded by the son of his sister • Roman accounts of a fierce one-eyed warrior queen

37. Meroe the city • More than 1 square mile • Different trade routes met there • Reservoirs were dug to catch rainfall • Iron smelting (after 1000BCE)

38. Meroe collapsed • About 350 CE • May have been overrun by nomads who had access to camels

39. First Civilizations of the Americas: The Olmec and Chavin 1200-250 BCE

40. People in the Western Hemisphere • Came from Asia • 20,000 to 13,000 BCE • Isolated until the 1400s CE

41. Varied geography and climates • People in different areas developed different technologies • The region was not politically unified The Mesoamerican Olmec, 1200-400 BCE

42. Olmec • 1200-400 BCE • Domesticated corn, beans, and squash • Fished • Were able to have surplus food • Religious and political elites • Organized the population • Irrigation canals • Raised fields • Constructed large scale religious and civic buildings

43. Different city-states held power at different times • Most were abandoned • monuments were defaced and buried, buildings were destroyed • Why? • Over run by neighbors? • Destroyed upon the death of a ruler?

44. Olmec building • Large platforms or mounds of earth • Religious and political activities performed on them • Houses of the elites built on them • Lifting the elite above the masses • Cities were aligned with certain stars • People living in the agricultural regions around the cities did most of the building

45. Olmec artisans • Carved stone and jade • Created pottery • Made obsidian tools • These items were traded with other people

46. Olmec political structure • Probably a king that had both religious and political power • Large stone heads were carved to represent different rulers

47. Olmec religion • Thousands would come to the cities for ceremonies • Human sacrifice and blood letting • Polytheistic • Jaguars, sharks, crocodiles and snakes • An idea that humans could transform into these shapes • Shamans and healers worked with the elite • Developed a calendar and a ritual ball game

48. Andean Civilizations • As early as 2600 BCE • Settled along the coasts of Peru • Chavin • An early Andean urban civilization • Controlled a large, highly populated territory including coastland and foothills Early South American Civilization:Chavin, 900-250 BCE

49. The capital city, Chavin de Huantar, was located at an intersection of trade routes • Could control trade • Became a ceremonial and commercial center • A reciprocal labor system allowed for the building of public works

50. Llamas • Were used to move goods • The only domesticated beasts of burden in the Americas • Provided meat, wool and labor • Chavin religion • A jaguar deity • Evidence has been found that suggests this belief covered a large area