Western and Eastern Europe

1. Western and Eastern Europe The Early Middle Ages (476-1000CE)

2. Fall of the Roman Empire • Western Empire declines as Eastern flourishes • Internal decay • External threats • Overextended borders • Remaining influences • Roman tradition • Western Church • Germanic tribes

3. Western Europe in 500 CE • Visigoths in Southern Gaul/Northern Spain • Vandals in Southern Spain • Huns throughout Europe (sacked Rome 410) • Angles-Saxons in England • Franks in Northern Gaul • Ostrogoths in Italy • Also Lombards, Burgundians

4. Development of Christianity in the West • As Roman control over Europe declines, the Christian Church fills the void • Europe isolated following end of Roman Empire - Church often only authority and most stable institution • Church administration centralized with Roman archbishop given “Papal Primacy”

5. Monastic Christianity • Monasticism - priests turning away from popular culture to study faith • Sought seclusion instead of self-torture • Two types - • Hermit - complete seclusion • Communal - communities of monks - missionary oriented - “cities of God” - ex. Benedictines

6. Division of Christendom • East and West compete for supremacy of Christianity • Eastern Church too preoccupied with Islam to use resources to bring West under control • Western Church allies with Franks against Lombards for protection • Gulf widens between doctrinal views

7. Pope has final say Church competes with political for control Celibate priesthood Unleavened bread Church councils decide Church accepts political control Priest could marry Leavened bread Western v. Eastern Christianity

8. Influences of Christianity in the West 300 – 500C.E.

9. Ambrose (330 – 397 C.E.) • Archbishop of Milan • During his time, more influential than the Pope • Forces late Roman Emperor to do penance for killing civilians - Church over state

10. Jerome (347 – 420 c.e.) • Translated Bible from Hebrew and Greek to Latin (Latin Vulgate) • Travels to Constantinople, Damascus and Jerusalem • Believed Bible allegorical, not literal • Classical training good if Christian purpose served • No baths for women

11. Augustine (354-430 C.E) • Bishop of Hippo • Said the Bible is revealed obscurely - an education needed to understand • Believed in original sin and predestination • Author, “On the City of God” • Canonized after death

12. Early Political Development – Europe Starting to look like Europe • It all starts with the Franks! • Franks • Merovingians • Carolingians • Charlemagne • Carolingian Renaissance

13. The Franks • Loose group of tribes inhabiting northeastern Europe in 3rd century • Clovis, unites group (Merovingian dynasty) to become largest political power in wake of Empire • Converts for alliance with the Church

14. Merovingians • Solidify rule by giving control to non-nobles (to create loyalty) with office of Count • Counts gain land becoming another type of aristocracy who become resentful • Administration left to the “mayor of the palace” - Pepin I takes control of Franks - establishes Carolingian dynasty

15. Carolingians • Pepin I - Pepin II - Charles Martel - Pepin III (the Short) - Charlemagne • Charles Martel (the hammer) creates large cavalry force using aristocracy - awards control of local area back to nobles giving benefices or fiefs (gifts of land) – beginning of feudalism • Defeats the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732, effectively ended the Muslim advance into Europe

16. Battle of Tours

17. Carolingians and the Church • Carolingians enlist Church to help maintain control - offer conversion opportunities to conquered groups - ex: Anglo-Saxons • Pope supports Carolingian takeover of remnants of Merovingian kingdom • Reciprocal relationship: Carolingians protects Church from the East/Church legitimizes dynasty • Give lands surrounding Rome to the Church

18. Charlemagne (742-814 C.E.) • Solidifies relationship with the Church • Crowned head of (new) Holy Roman Empire Christmas Day, 800AD

19. Charlemagne • Increases Frankish realm - extends domain in name of Christianity • Forces Eastern Empire to recognize authority in west - though no takeover • Had strong indirect control over Church - restored Pope after capture • Governs in the Carolingian way - 250 Counts from aristocracy

20. Charlemagne • Large-extroverted-practical joker • Expected loyalty - taxes collected - justice dispensed • Occasionally resorted to divine justice “trial by ordeal” • Builds large palace at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen)

21. Carolingian Renaissance • Charlemagne used resources taken from conquered tribes to attract scholars • Aix-la-Chapelle became center of learning • Preserved Roman writings in easier to read Carolingian script • Served as vehicle to train bureaucrats

22. Breakup of Carolingian Dynasty • Charlemagne’s son Louis the Pious inherits • Without talented leader, empire unmanageable • Louis the Pious sons’ demand empire divided • Lothar • Louis the German • Pepin/Charles • Kingdoms devolve but Holy Roman Empire remains

23. Feudalism & Manorialism • Definition • Vocabulary • Vassalage • Knights • Workers • Feudal Contract • Manorialism

24. Feudalism • System of agriculture that bound workers (serfs) to owners of the land (lords)

25. Feudalism • Serf/peasant - farm worker • Lord - owner of feudal estate • Manor - farm/estate including local shops • fiefdom - estate or domain of a feudal lord • Fealty - loyalty sworn to lord • Vassal - one who swears loyalty to lord • Liege - lord to which one is most loyal • Vagabond - escaped serf who roamed

26. Vassalage • Hierarchy of vassalage • King - duke/baron - serf • Knights serve lord of the manor • Serfs might be required to fight also • Some lords vassals to more than one superior

27. WHY WAS FEUDALISM NECESSARY? • Did feudalism bring about stability in Medieval Europe or was it a political and social disaster?

28. Relationship Between Lords and Vassals • The relationship between lords and vassals made up a big part of the political and social structure of the feudal system • Vassals had certain duties to perform for the lord • All nobles were ultimately vassals of the king.

29. What is a Knight? • Almost all nobles were knights • Training began at age 7, as a page, under the guidance of the lady of the manor • Became squires at age 15 and were trained by other knights • Those deemed worthy were “dubbed” knights • Chivalry - System of rules that dictates knights’ behavior towards others.

30. Does Chivalry Have an Effect? • Did improve the lifestyle of the early feudal lords • However…Knights only required to act courteously toward those of his own class. • Those of a lower class were free game

31. Coat of Arms • System of Identity among Medieval Knights • Meaning belongs to: • Colors • Symbols • Helmet • Motto

32. Example • Gold=Generosity • Red=Warrior • Helmet=Protector • Cat=Liberty & Courage • Dragon=Valor and Protection

33. Workers on the Manor • There were two groups of peasant workers on the manor • Freemen- skilled workers who paid rent and could leave the manor whenever they wished. (They usually had a skill needed by others on the manor.) • Serfs – workers bound to the land by contract with the nobles. (They had no freedom - they where the noble’s property.)

34. Characteristics of Feudalism • Serfs bound to the land - multigenerational • Levels of serfdom • free serfs - some rights, had some bargaining power (small landowners) • servile serfs - no rights, needed permission for marriage, travel, etc.

35. Feudal Contract LORDS GIVE SERVICE TO GIVE PROTECTION TO VASSALS

36. Why did Feudalism work? • Lords needed stable workforce for land • Serfs needed a job and protection • Periodic waves of invaders threatened safety of the landless - 1000 CE new wave of Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims • Crusades were partly an excuse to give the knights something to do • Lords traded use of land for share of crop • Small landowners trade also with lords • Necessary antecedent for Nation-States

37. Manorialism • Economic system around a lord’s manor • Manor included a village and the land surrounding it • Each group in society had their own job and responsibility to fulfill • Self-sufficient

38. Changes in Agriculture • Climate improves in Europe - 700-1200 CE temperature rises 1 degree centigrade • Moldboard plow allows deeper penetration • 3 field crop rotation system used • Padded collars for horses • Harness of water power for mills • Wheelbarrow developed

40. Family Life in the Middle Ages • How did the structure of family life change from Roman Empire times through the Middle Ages? • What accounted for these changes?

41. Family Life • How did the structure of family life change from Roman Empire times through the Middle Ages? • What accounted for these changes?

42. Western Europe during the Middle Ages: Emerging Monarchs France, England, Germany and Spain

43. France – the Franks • Clovis I (481-511) • Charles Martel (688 –741) • Charlemagne (742-814 C.E.) • Philip II “Augustus” (1190-1223) - Expanded the kingdom of France by taking Normandy, Anjou, & Touraine from the British. • Louis IX “St. Louis” (1226-1270) - He convinced his subjects that the monarchy was essential to their happiness & well-being – beginning of absolutism

44. Philip IV “the Fair” (1300s) • Established the Estates General (a feudal council which could advise the king while also pledging loyalty & submission). • As noted in “Prominent Popes” Philip IV also defied & arrested the Pope. • A French papacy was established at Avignon which remained under French control from 1305-1377.

45. England • William I “the Conqueror” (Duke of Normandy) ca. 1028-1087 • Defeated the Celts, Angles, Saxons & Jutes in England at the Battle of Hastings (1066) • He thus united England & laid the foundations for a sovereign nation-state. • THIS BRINGS FEUDALISM TO ENGLAND ALL AT ONCE. HOW IS THIS DIFFERENCE FROM THE REST OF EUROPE’S EXPERIENCE?

46. “Domesday Book” • William I compiled the “Domesday Book” in 1086 which surveyed the people of England. • He thereby contributed still further to the unification of England.

47. Henry II of England (1154-1189) • Married Eleanor of Acquitaine & thereby extended the territory of England to include land in “France”. • He also established a Court system which enforced a common set of laws. • His style & energy were models for future monarchs.

48. Henry II Eleanor of Aquitaine

49. Thomas a Becket • Was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by King Henry II. • Although this is an example of “lay investiture,” Thomas a Becket pledged his first loyalty to the Pope. • As a result of this power struggle Thomas a Becket was eventually killed, but he was also forever admired.

50. King John of England 1166-1216 • Known in the Robin Hood tale • Was forced by nobles to sign the Magna Carta (1215). • This document limited the King’s power by insisting that he consult with the Nobles before raising taxes and/or waging war. • It marks the beginning of England’s “democratic tradition.”