Review

1. Review The First Occupants – 33 000 BCE to 1500 CE The Emergence of a Society of New France – 1534 to 1760 The Change of Empire – 1760 to 1791 Demands and Struggles in the British Colony – 1791 to 1850 The Formation of the Canadian Federation – 1850 to 1929 The Modernization of Quebec Society – 1929 to 1980 Issues in Quebec Society – Since 1980

2. Today • What are the main characteristics of the population and settlement of Quebec? • 2007: • Approx. 7,700,000 people – roughly 23% of population • Majority live in cities – Montreal has about half (47.9%) • Quebec has 4.6 inhabitants per square kilometer. Why is it so sparsely populated?

3. Measuring Population In order to understand population, people study natural growth and migration flows. Natural growth – difference between births and deaths. Or birth rate vs. death rate. The difference between these two determines if population goes up or down. Fertility rate: total number of births vs. the average number of women who can have babies. Right now that is 1.6 in Quebec, when the average should be 2.1 for population renewal.

4. Population Quebec is also aging – and living longer. This is also not helpful in combatting the potential for population decrease. Which is the largest population among men and women? In what decade did the birth rate begin to fall? Why?

5. Migration Flows Migration: how people move across a territory. Immigration: people who come to another territory who were born in another. Emigration: the act of leaving one territory to go to another. Immigration plays a key role in Quebec population demographics. Quebec has an agreement with the federal government that allows it to select immigrants. Why might that be?

6. Migration Flows Look at the chart on page 6. Is Quebec’s population going up or down? Why?

7. Pluriculturality in Quebec Quebec has a shared sense of values, institutions and one official language. It is also pluricultural – meaning it has diverse cultures and cultural groups within it. This diversity while can be unifying, can also be divisive and cause problems with identity – characteristics that define a group - and a sense of belonging – a positive sense of being part of a group

8. Pluriculturality in Quebec Linguistic pluralism: Quebec has one official language. 83.1% are Francophone and 10.5% are Anglophone. 6.5% are Allophone – meaning they speak neither languages. How would you describe Quebec’s population? What are some issues Quebec has to deal with given their natural growth rate? How have they dealt with some of these? What are the results?

9. Class Work • Read pages 10 to 15. • Answer the following questions: • What are two main theories about the first migrations to the North American continent? Which one makes more sense to you, why? • Describe the stages of the arrival of the first occupants in the territory of Quebec. • What were the effects of the first Aboriginal migrations on the settlement of the territory? (this is a summary question, please be detailed)

10. Population Quebec, circa 1500 • At this time Aboriginal peoples each had their own beliefs, languages and ways of life. • They were divided into three linguistic groups: • Iroquoian, est. between 5,300 to 10,100 • Algonquin, est. between 12,000 to 20,600 • Inuktitut, est. between 1,000 to 5,000 • Why the discrepancy between the min and max?

11. Population Quebec, circa 1500 • Linguistic families: • Iroquoian 100,000 • Algonquian 170,000 • Inuktitut 25,000 • Compared to 1500, how is the Aboriginal population distributed in the present-day territory of Quebec?

12. Organization of Aboriginal Societies • Iroquoian: • Social and Political organization became more complex when they became semi-sedentary. • Dwelling: longhouses, grouped in a village, surrounded by palisade, close to water and on fertile ground. • Kinship: passed through the mother, instead of father. • Social Organization: clan->village->nation->confederation

13. Organization of Aboriginal Societies • Political Representation: • Exercise of Power: group consensus, power positions appointed by female elders • Civil Chief: hereditary position, kept civil order in the village, related to other villages • Council: association of clan chiefs, at all levels • War Chief: temporary, chosen for bravery • Look at document 24 on page 17: What does this document tell you about Iroquoian social organization?

14. Organization of Aboriginal Societies • The Algonquians: • Moved perpetually for resources (nomads). • Dwelling: lived in wigwams (animal skin or bark) • In summer, many close together and to water • In winter, smaller groups, further inland. • Kinship: lineage father to son • Social Organization: • Nuclear family: More than one family would live in a wigwam. • Hunting group: Small groups of few families would hunt together in winter. • The Band: Large group who stayed together for the summer.

15. Organization of Aboriginal Societies • Political Representation: • Exercise of Power: by consensus. • Band Chief: temporary position, chosen by quality of hunting skills

16. Organization of Aboriginal Societies • Inuit: • Nomadic. • Dwelling: animal hide tent in summer, Igloo in winter. • Kinship: father to son. • Social Organization: • Nuclear family: very flexible organization. • Hunting Group: small groups related family or friends. • Regional band: several families together.

17. Questions What were the effects of migrations and the growth of Aboriginal populations on the organization of their societies? (summary/analysis question)

18. Arrival of the Europeans Other Europeans had reached North America before the French – for resources and to scout. Scandinavians arrived in 1000 – stayed only 2/3 years as they were driven out by Aboriginal. In 1500, Europeans searched a new trade route to Asia – without success. They did notice large fish stocks off the coast of Newfoundland.

19. Cartier & Roberval Most European countries were building colonial empires. France wanted to be competitive. In 1534/1535 Jacques Cartier was ordered twice to find a suitable northwest passage. He found no precious metals, but good land for agriculture and stories from the Hochelaga people. Cartier returned in 1540 and settled in Stadacona. Returned to France with ‘gold’ & ‘diamonds.’ Roberval stayed on, but was forced out by climate and food shortage. France considered the territory their due to the crosses that were planted.

20. Jacques Cartier • Jacques Cartier 1534-1542 • A French navigator. • Was sent by the King of France, François I, to the New World to discover gold and diamonds and a new route to Asia. • Explored what became known as Newfoundland. • The first explorer to map the St. Lawrence River. • Discovered Prince Edward Island in 1534. • Built a fort at Stadacona, where Quebec City is now located. • Further up the St. Lawrence, he had Indian guides lead him to Hochelaga (Montreal).

21. Jean-Francois De LaRocque De Roberval • Jean-Francois De LaRocque De Roberval • Francis I of France gave Roberval a commission to settle the province of Canada and provide for the spread of the "Holy Catholic faith".  Jacques Cartierwas hired to help, and was given Cartier to proceed to New France. Cartier did so in May 1541, and, with 500 colonists, built a fortified colony. • Roberval with his three ships and 200 colonists set sail in April 1542, arriving June 8. Cartier, impatient to show the king the "gold and diamonds" he had found was already on his way home from Charlesbourg-Royal. 

22. Samuel de Champlain • Samuel de Champlain  • Navigator, explorer, cartographer. • “The Father of New France.” • He founded New France and Quebec City in 1608. • Made the first accurate map of the coast and he helped establish the settlements. • Was the first European to explore and describe the Great Lakes, he formed relationships with local Aboriginal groups (Algonquin) and agreed to provide assistance in their wars against the Iroquois. • 1620: Louis XIII ordered him to administer the country (essentially becoming Governor, though was not a noble). • He established trading companies that sent goods, primarily fur, to France, and oversaw the growth of New France in the St. Lawrence River Valley until his death in 1635.

23. Occupation of the Territory Colonization began in earnest in the early 1600’s. Expeditions and exploration led France to ‘control’ the area (based on trading posts). Entrepreneurs were granted monopolies – who agreed to establish colonies and evangelize the Aboriginal populations. In 1608, Champlain settled in Quebec City – a location known by Europeans and good for commerce (trading with Aboriginal groups).

24. Occupation of the Territory Despite renewed interest in settlement of the area, growth of Quebec City was slow. It was not until the 1630s that the population was over 100.

25. Class Work/Homework Read pages 26-27. Interpretation Question 1 to 4.

26. Aboriginal Presence Even with the arrival of the French, Aboriginal groups were still very prevalent. The Inuit boundaries up north did not change and the Algonquians continued with their nomadic lifestyle, though some were forced further north due to development on the St. Lawrence.

27. Aboriginal Presence Iroquoian territory continued to shrink due to conflicts with other Aboriginal groups and the colonization by the English and French. The French created small villages to help those Aboriginals who had converted to Catholicism. The lived in a missionary community and were called domiciliés (residents). During the French Regime, there were about 5,000 domiciliés.

28. Demographics The French tried a number of different strategies but the population continued to stay quite small. This was due partly to the fact that not all groups had the same view on how/why to colonize the St. Lawrence Valley – economic, social, cultural benefits.

29. Champlain’s Society Project Champlain was an advocate for the colonization of the St. Lawrence Valley. In 1618, he suggested proposals to Louis XIII and French Chamber of Commerce to establish and settle the colony.

30. Champlain’s Society Project • These included: • Have entire families immigrate. • Set up an administration. • Found Cities. • Build forts with garrisons. • Develop the Christian faith. • Open a route to Asia. • Individual interests, and lack of government initiative, put the idea of colonization on the backburner. • Champlain died in 1635, never fulfilling his expectations.

31. Obligations vs. Interests Companies were given monopolies if they settled and evangelized the new territory, however these proved to be costly, so they neglected these duties. They also saw newcomers as competition.

32. Company of New France • Cardinal de Richelieu relaunched colonization efforts, recruiting 100 investors. • War between England and France hindered the growth of the company. • The English attacked ships containing colonists. • The English forced most inhabitants out of Quebec. • The English nearly bankrupted the Company of New France, although it held on until 1663 when it was dissolved. It promoted immigration, but lower than expectations.

33. Evangelization Missionaries worked hard to settle and convert the new territory. They received funding from people in France, or encouraged others to join them in the colony. In order to maintain the colony clergy were given large seigneuries. In 1674, 55% of the area granted were given to religious communities.

34. Louis XIV: “The Sun King” • Unsatisfied, Louis XIV and Jean Tallon set about reorganizing colonial empire. • After a census in 1666, it was determined that there were only 3,215 habitants. • As a result, the king took over management – occupation, defence and exploring/exploiting natural resources.This included: • System of engagé. • Filles du Roy. • Offering seigneuries to troops. • Prisoners were also sent. • Threat of withdrawal of land.

35. Homework Study document 51, answer the question…short paragraph. One-Act Play (Pages 24-38).

36. Immigrating to New France • The group of immigrants to Canada was small compared to the 900,000 Europeans and Africans who arrived in the 13 colonies of the US. • Low immigration was the result of: • Harsh climate. • Iroquois Wars a.k.a. The Beaver Wars (later resulting in The Great Treaty of Montreal). • Fur trade provided few jobs. • Few stayed longer than they had to, including soldiers.

37. Immigrating to New France • Statistics: • About 27,000 to 35,000 people arrived in the St. Lawrence Valley. • Mostly men: favoured as they were cheaper (transport), performed the duties of clearing and defending. • Despite the Fille du Roy, more than 90% of men 15-29 were single. • See document 54, page 34. • Slaves were numbered at about 4,100.

38. Slavery & New France In the St. Lawrence Valley, slaves were in the service of the political and social elite, which existed primarily in Québec and Montréal: governors, intendants, clergy, religious communities, and military officers in addition to merchants and traders. In two-thirds of the cases, masters owned but a single slave.

39. Slavery & New France

40. Slavery & New France “The runaway slave, who shall continue to be so for one month from the day of his being denounced to the officers of justice, shall have his ears cut off, and shall be branded with the flower de luce on the shoulder: and on a second offence of the same nature, persisted in during one month from the day of his being denounced, he shall be hamstrung, and be marked with the flower de luce on the other shoulder. On the third offence, he shall suffer death.” Article 32 of the 2nd edition of the Black Code, issued by Louis xv in 1724.

41. Slavery & New France

42. Timeline:

43. Slavery & New France In 1792 there was an exodus of Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia then to Africa (Sierra Leone) in 1792. What do you think their situation was like after being granted freedom? The story of the Underground Railroad is one of the best known in Canadian history. Why do you think it is so well known? What is the importance of primary sources to the study of history? What may be missing from the primary accounts?

44. The Acadians France was forced to give part of Acadia (Nova Scotia) back to England. Some Acadians stayed, and remained neutral. In 1754, war between England and France broke out – in order to rid of potential enemies and take over the land completely, the English forced all Acadians to leave – sending them to Louisiana, France and the Antilles.

45. Population Growth in New France Though there were only approximately 14,000 settlers, the population grew to 70,000 by 1760. The natural growth rate was high – due to the abundance of food, quality of water and low risk of epidemic (population was spread out). Growth rate was 25 per thousand vs. 3 per thousand in France. See Portrait Catherine Guertin – midwife page 36.

46. Aboriginal Population While European presence was slowly increasing, Aboriginal populations were in trouble. European presence created conflict between Aboriginal groups. They also spread disease: smallpox, typhus, cholera, and chickenpox caused the death of a great number of Aboriginals . Migration, immunization, births and isolation helped prevent larger population losses.

47. Iroquois Wars The French allied with the Algonquians. The Dutch and British with the Iroquois. Aboriginal groups were fighting each other for control of the fur trade, European groups were fighting each other for control of the territory. Migration, and raids drove the Iroquois further from their territory. In 1701, they signed the Great Peace Treaty of Montreal – a remained neutral in further conflicts between the French and the English.

48. Homework Study document 60, page 38, answer the question. Reflect on what life was like in the colony of New France; then reflect on how life must have been for slaves in the colony. Provide a response.

49. Social Organization The relations between Aboriginal peoples and the Europeans transformed both groups. There existed a hierarchy, as in France, but was less strict. Including, nobility, clergy and the Third Estate. The lack of money resulted in few wealthy people – senior officials made up the upper class, including some clergy and the bishop.

50. Social Organization Upward mobility was much easier in New France – a carpenter could hope to gain enough money to buy land and be given a noble title. In France importers were generally bourgeoisie, merchants of Canadian origin worked in the fur trade and with farmers. 90% of people belonged to the Third Estate. In the 1660’s, European began to squeeze out the Aboriginal groups as fur trade intermediaries.