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Gender

Gender. History, Human Right, Politics, Laws, and even Business are all related. Only cover a very limited portions of all the gender issues. Could be very academic: Research methodology Policy Re-interpretation of HIS tory. Short Herstory of US Suffrage Movements (before Civil War).

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Gender

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  1. Gender • History, Human Right, Politics, Laws, and even Business are all related. • Only cover a very limited portions of all the gender issues. • Could be very academic: • Research methodology • Policy • Re-interpretation of HIStory

  2. Short Herstory of US Suffrage Movements (before Civil War) • 1777-1807: Women lose the right to vote (1st NY, last NJ) • 1838: KY allow female head of household in rural area to vote on taxes and new county “common school” system • 1848: 1st women’s right convention (Seneca Fall Convention). Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Frederick Douglass. • 1861-1865:suffrage activity is minimal

  3. Suffrage Movements (before 1870) • 1868: The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, introducing the word "male" into the Constitution for the first time. • 1869: The territory of WY is the first to grant unrestricted suffrage to women. • 1869: The suffrage movement splits into the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association. The NWSA is formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony after their accusing abolitionist and Republican supporters of emphasizing black civil rights at the expense of women's rights. The AWSA is formed by Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and it protests the confrontational tactics of the NWSA and ties itself closely to the Republican Party while concentrating solely on securing the vote for women state by state

  4. Suffrage Movements in 1870’s • 1870: UT Territory grants suffrage for women. • 1870: The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is adopted. The amendment holds that neither the United States nor any State can deny the right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude," leaving open the right of States to deny the right to vote on account of sex. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton oppose the amendment. Many of their former allies in the abolitionist movement, including Lucy Stone, support the amendment. • 1871: The Anti-Suffrage Society is formed.

  5. 1870’s (cont’d) • 1872: Susan B. Anthony registers and votes in Rochester, NY, arguing that the 14th Amendment gives her that right. However, she is arrested a few days later, loses the case in 1873, and never pays the $100 fine for voting. • 1874: In the case of Minor v. Happersett, the Supreme Court rules that the 14th Amendment does not grant women the right to vote. • 1878: A federal amendment to grant women the right to vote is introduced for the first time by Senator A.A. Sargeant of CA.

  6. 1880’s • 1886: The suffrage amendment is defeated two to one in the U.S. Senate. • 1887: The Edmunds-Tucker act takes the vote away from women in Utah in order to suppress the Mormon vote in the UT territory. • 1887: The Supreme Court strikes down the law that enfranchised women in the WA territory. • 1890: NWSA and AWSA merge to form the NAWSA. Its first president is Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The focus turns to working at the state level.

  7. 1890’s • 1893: CO men vote for women suffrage. • 1894: Despite 600,000 signatures, a petition for women suffrage is ignored in NY. • 1895: The New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage begins. • 1895: The NAWSA dissociates itself from Elizabeth Cady Stanton's The Woman's Bible, a critique of Christianity. • 1902: The men of NH vote down a women's suffrage referendum.

  8. 1906: Elizabeth Cady Stanton's daughter, Harriot Stanton Blatch, returns from England and forms the Equality League of Self Supporting Women with a membership based on professional and industrial working women. It initiates the practice of holding suffrage parades. • 1912: Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party includes women suffrage in its platform. • 1912: Abigail Scott Duniway dissuades members of the NAWSA from involving themselves in OR's grassroots suffrage campaign; OR women win the vote. • 1913: Alice Paul becomes the leader of the Congressional Union, a militant branch of the NAWSA. • 1917: NY becomes the first Eastern state to fully enfranchise women.

  9. The final victory (?) • 1920: 19th Amendment is ratified, stating, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. • 1920: In the case of Hawke v. Smith, anti-suffragists file suit against the OH legislature, but the Supreme Court upholds the constitutionality of OH's ratification process. • 1924: Indian Citizenship Act • 1952: first generation Japanese American • 1964: 24th Amendment is ratified by two-thirds of the states, formally abolishing poll taxes and literacy tests which were heavily used against African-American and poor white women and men. • 1965: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 strenuously prohibits racial discrimination in voting

  10. A Few Observations • (Passive) Suffrage v.s. Right to vote. • Geographical: Eastern v.s. Western • Rural v.s. Urban • Factors: religion, alcohol, child labor, statehood… • Ups and downs • Relationship with Civil Right Movements

  11. Not Over Yet…

  12. Recommended Wikipedia • Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States • Gender pay gap in the United States • Feminism (simple English)

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