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The Gilded Age: Individualism, Darwinism, and the Rise of Popular Culture (1870-1900)

This chapter explores the complex social dynamics of the Gilded Age from 1870 to 1900, highlighting the rise of individualism, the impact of Darwinism on societal beliefs, and the emerging popular culture. Key topics include the philosophy of Horatio Alger, Social Darwinism as articulated by Herbert Spencer, and the emergence of realism in art through figures like Mark Twain and Thomas Eakins. It also examines the evolution of political patronage, the fight for civil service reform, the conservation of community services, and the establishment of social movements aimed at aiding the poor.

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The Gilded Age: Individualism, Darwinism, and the Rise of Popular Culture (1870-1900)

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  1. The Gilded Age Chapter 6 Section 3

  2. The Gilded Age 1870-1900 • Phrase coined by Mark Twain

  3. Individualism • Belief that anyone could be a great success if they worked hard enough • Horatio Alger

  4. Darwinism • Theory of evolution • The strong survive and reproduce, the weak do not • Natural Selection

  5. Opponents • Christians opposed Darwinism • Why?

  6. Social Darwinism • Survival of the fittest • Herbert Spencer Combined Darwin’s theories and the Protestant Ethic

  7. Gospel of Wealth • Carnegie’s philosophy of giving back • Philanthropy to help the poor better themselves

  8. Realism • Artists and Writers tried to portray the world realistically

  9. “The Gross Clinic” • By Thomas Eakins • Why do you think this painting was controversial? • (Collins writing: Type 1-three lines)

  10. Mark Twain • Realist author

  11. From The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn • “’Say, who is you? Whar is you? Dog my cats ef I didn’ hear sumf’n. Well, I know what I’s gwyne to do: I’s gwyne to set down here and listen tell I hears it agin.’” • So he set down on the ground betwixt me and Tom. He leaned his back up against a tree, and stretched his legs out till one of the most touched one of mine. My nose begun to itch. It itched till the tears come into my eyes. But I dasn’t scratch. Then it begun to itch on the inside. Next I got to itching underneath. I didn’t know how I was going to set still. This miserableness went on as much as six or seven minutes; but it seemed a sight longer than that.”

  12. Do Now • Answer the following in complete sentences. • Why do you think some people are opposed to tariffs (taxes on imports)? • Why do some people support tariffs? • Collins Writing Type 2

  13. Popular Culture • People had more disposable income • Began to spend it on recreation and entertainment

  14. The Saloon • Free toilets, newspapers, water for horses • Drinks, free lunch • Served as political centers

  15. Sports • Baseball • Football

  16. Most Popular Spectator Sports

  17. Vaudeville • Entertainment with animal shows, skits and dancers • Vaudeville act

  18. Ragtime • Music that started in cities’ red light districts • Scott Joplin • Maple Leaf Rag

  19. Patronage • giving government jobs to people who help a candidate get elected • Spoils System-winning candidates deserved the spoils of victory

  20. Civil Service • system to replace the Spoils System • jobs would be given to people based on merit

  21. Rutherford B. Hayes • Republican who Became President 1876 • Wanted to do away with Spoils System • Received no support from Congress

  22. Republican Party Splits • Stalwarts: want to keep Spoils System • Halfbreeds: want reform, stay loyal to party • Mugwumps: Republicans who leave to support reformers

  23. James A. Garfield • Republican elected in 1880 • Wanted reform, gave patronage jobs to reformers • Chester A. Arthur V.P. (Stalwart)

  24. Garfield Assassinated • July 2, 1881-Garfield shot in D.C. train station • Charles Guiteau-assassin, Garfield turned him down for a job

  25. Pendleton Act • Arthur turned reformer, passed Pendleton Act in 1883

  26. Grover Cleveland • Democrat elected President in 1884 • Pushed by Mugwumps to protect more jobs with civil service

  27. Interstate Commerce Act • Cleveland signed in 1887 • Regulated Railroads and set up the Interstate Commerce Commission • Rebates • Long haul vs. short haul

  28. Tariffs • People wanted to lower tariffs to lower prices • Cleveland lowered them some, but Republicans blocked most change

  29. Benjamin Harrison • Republican elected in 1888 • Received money from industrialists who liked tariffs

  30. McKinley Tariff • Raised tariffs to their highest level ever • Angered Americans • Harrison lost in 1892

  31. Sherman Anti-trust Act • Passed in 1890 • Tried to break up trusts, but was too weak and vaguely worded • Mostly used against unions

  32. Challenging Social Darwinism • Henry George author • Said Laissez faire was making society worse

  33. Lester Frank Ward • Wrote Dynamic Sociology 1883 • Reform Darwinism: people had become successful because of cooperation not competition

  34. Edward Bellamy • Wrote Looking Backward • A book about socialism

  35. Naturalism • A new form of literature that challenged Social Darwinism • Some people failed because of the circumstances in their lives

  36. The Social Gospel • People can be saved through service to the poor • Led to churches providing many community services

  37. The Salvation Army • Gave practical aid and religious counseling to the poor

  38. YMCA • Young Men’s Christian Association • Bible studies, citizenship training, and group activities • Also gave men a place to live

  39. The Settlement House Movement • Community centers in poor neighborhoods • Medical care, kindergartens, English classes • Hull House • Opened in Chicago by Jane Addams in 1889

  40. Public Education • More educated workers were needed • Schools Americanized children

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