LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT Summarize Wilson’s Fourteen Points

1. STANDARD(S): 11.4 Students trace the rise of the United States to its role as a world power in the twentieth century. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT • Summarize Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Describe the Treaty of Versailles and international and domestic reaction to it. • Explain some of the consequences of the war.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. Section 4 Wilson Fights for Peace European leaders oppose most of Wilson’s peace plan, and the U.S. Senate fails to ratify the peace treaty. NEXT

4. SECTION 4 Wilson Fights for Peace Wilson Presents His Plan • Fourteen Points • Wilson’s plan for world peace known as Fourteen Points • Points 1–5 propose measures to prevent another war • 6–13 address how ethnic groups can form own nations or join others • 14 calls for international organization or League of Nations • League to enable nations to discuss, settle problems without war Continued . . . NEXT

5. SECTION 4: WILSON FIGHTS FOR PEACE • Despite the hero’s welcome he received in Europe, Wilson’s plan for peace would be rejected by the Allies • Wilson’s plan was called the “Fourteen points” • Included in his “points” were: • No secret treaties • Freedom of the Seas • More free trade • Reduction of arms • Less colonialism • League of Nations to promote peace

6. Guided Reading: What Were Wilson’s points? 1. Open Treaties 2. Freedom of the seas 3. Tariffs lowered or abolished to encourage free trade 4. Arms reduction 5. Consideration of the interest of colonial people

7. SECTION 4 continuedWilson Presents His Plan • The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan • Wilson fails to grasp anger of Allied leaders against Germany • French premier Georges Clemenceau wants to prevent German invasion • British Prime Minister David Lloyd George wants to “Make Germany Pay” • Italian Vittorio Orlando wants Austrian-held territory • Conference excludes Central Powers, Russia, small Allied nations • Wilson gives up most of his points in return for League of Nations NEXT

8. ALLIES REJECT WILSON”S PLAN, SIGN TREATY • The Big Four leaders, • Wilson (U.S.), • Clemenceau (France), • Lloyd George (England), and • Orlando (Italy), worked out the Treaty’s details

9. ALLIES REJECT WILSON”S PLAN, SIGN TREATY • Wilson conceded on most of his 14 points in return for the establishment of the League of Nations

10. ALLIES REJECT WILSON”S PLAN, SIGN TREATY • On June 28, 1919, the Big Four and the leaders of the defeated nations gathered in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles and signed the Treaty of Versailles

11. Guided Reading: What Were Wilson’s points? (CONT) 6-13. Boundary changes and self determination of ethnic/national groups. 14. A League of Nations

12. Chapter 11 Section 4 • A – Why did the Allies reject Wilson’s plan? • Clemenceau was determined to prevent another German invasion of France • Allied leaders were all angry at Germany

13. SECTION 4 Debating the Treaty of Versailles Provisions of the Treaty • Treaty of Versailles creates 9 new nations, British, French mandates • Places various conditions on Germany: - cannot have an army - Alsace-Lorraine returned to France - pay reparations, or war damages Continued . . . NEXT

14. The Treaty of Versailles • The principal items are: • Germany has to cede Alsace-Lorraine to France. • Germany has to cede the coal mines in the Saar-area to France. • Germany has to cede an area with Moresnet, Eupen, Malmédy and St. Vith to Belgium. • Germany has to cede the main part of West-Prussia and almost the whole province of Posen to the new state of Poland. • Germany has to cede all colonies: Togo en Cameroun, the territories in East- and South-West Africa, islands in the Pacific and possesions in China. • All German properties in foreign countries are confiscated. • Germany has to cede al war material to the allies. • German compulsory military service is abolished, as well as the General Staff. • Germany is not allowed to have tanks, airplanes, submarines, large warships and poison gas. • During 15 years Germany is not allowed to station troops on the left border of the river Rhine and in a 50 km strip on the right border of the Rhine. • The total size of the Germany army is not to exceed 100.000 men. • The German navy has a maximum of 15.000 men. • Germany is allowed a total of 4.000 officers. • Germany is not to take part in the League of Nations. • Austria has to cede South-Tirol to Italy. • Turkye has to cede all foreign possesions. England gets Iraq, Palestine and Trans-Jordan, France gets Syria and Libanon. • Germany has to cede to the allies all seagoing ships with a carrying capacity exceeding 1600 Brt, plus half of all ships between 1000 and 1600 Brt. Furthermore one fourth of the fishing fleet and two fifths of the inland navigation fleet has to be ceded. • Germany has to cede large amounts of machinery and building materials, trains and trucks. • Germany has to deliver certain amounts of coal, chemicals, dye and fuel for many years. • All German subocean telegraph cables are confiscated. • Germany has to pay 20 billion goldmarks.

15. TREATY OF VERSAILLES • The Treaty established nine new nations including; • Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia • The Treaty broke up the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire empires • The Treaty barred Germany from maintaining an army, required them to give Alsace-Lorraine back to France, and forced them to pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies The Big Four met at Versailles

17. Guided Reading: 15. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany? Demilitarization: Return of territory (Alsace-Lorraine) to France $33 Billion in reparations War-Guilt clause

18. B – How did the Treaty of Versailles affect Germany? • The treaty forced Germany to assume sole responsibility for the starting World War I; • It forced Germany to pay huge war reparations and stripped it of its colonial possessions.

19. SECTION 4 continuedDebating the Treaty of Versailles The Treaty’s Weaknesses • War-guilt clause—Germany must accept sole responsibility for war • Germany cannot pay $33 billion in reparations that Allies want • Russia loses more land than Germany; territorial claims ignored • Colonized people’s claims for self-determination ignored Continued . . . NEXT

20. THE WEAKNESS OF THE TREATY • The harsh treatment of Germany prevented the Treaty from creating a lasting peace in Europe • The Treaty humiliated the Germans by forcing them to admit sole responsibility for the war (War-Guilt Clause) Germans felt the Versailles Treaty was unfair

21. THE WEAKNESS OF THE TREATY Furthermore, Germany would never be able to pay $33 billion in reparations Germans felt the Versailles Treaty was unfair

22. Guided Reading: 16. What where the weaknesses of the treaty? Humiliated Germany Set reparations that Germany could not possibly pay Stripped Germany of the colonies it needed to pay reparations Ignored the claims of colonized peoples self determination Ignored the sacrifices and desires of Russia Set Germans against the treaty

23. SECTION 4 continuedDebating the Treaty of Versailles • Opposition to the Treaty • Strong opposition to treaty in U.S. • Some, like Hoover, think treaty too harsh, fear economic effects • Some feel treaty exchanged one group of colonial rulers for another • Some ethnic groups not satisfied with new national borders Continued . . . NEXT

24. DEBATE OVER TREATY AT HOME • In the United States, the Treaty was hotly debated especially the League of Nations • Conservative senators, headed by Henry Cabot Lodge, were suspicious of the Leagues’ joint economic and military commitments • Many wanted the U.S. Congress to maintain the right to declare war • Ultimately, Congress rejected U.S. involvement in the very League the U.S. President had created The U.S. never did join the league

25. SECTION 4 continuedDebating the Treaty of Versailles • Debate over the League of Nations • Some think League threatens U.S. foreign policy of isolation • Senators like Henry Cabot Lodge mistrust provision for joint action Continued . . . NEXT

26. US SENATE & the TREATY • The Treaty of Versailles is rejected by the U.S. Senate and America has to sign a separate treaty with Germany in 1920

27. Guided Reading: 17. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty? Suspicious of the provision for joint action against aggression; Wanted the treaty to declare the constitutional right of Congress to declare war.

28. SECTION 4 continuedDebating the Treaty of Versailles • Wilson Refuses to Compromise • Wilson ignores Republicans in Senate when choosing U. S. delegation • Goes on speaking tour to convince nation to support League • - has stroke, is temporarily disabled • November 1919, Lodge introduces amendments to treaty • - amendments, treaty rejected • Wilson refuses to compromise • March 1920, 2nd vote: neither amendments nor treaty approved • U.S., Germany sign separate treaty; U.S. never joins League NEXT

29. Guided Reading: 18. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate’s rejection of the treaty? Wilson chose an American delegation that failed to include enough Republicans and Senators; Refused to compromise with Lodge

30. SECTION 4 The Legacy of the War • Consequences of the War • In U.S., war strengthens military, increases power of government • Accelerates social change for African Americans, women • Fears, antagonisms provoked by propaganda remain • In Europe, destruction, loss of life damage social, political systems • - Communist, fascist governments form • Treaty of Versailles does not settle conflicts in Europe NEXT

31. THE LEGACY OF WWI • At home, the war strengthened both the military and the power of the government • The propaganda campaign provoked powerful fears in society • For many countries the war created political instability and violence that lasted for years • Russia established the first Communist state during the war • Americans called World War I, “TheWar to end all Wars” --- however unresolved issues would eventually drag the U.S. into an even deadlier conflict WWI 1914-1918 22 million dead, more than half civilians. An additional 20 million wounded.

32. THE LEGACY OF WWI • At home, the war strengthened both the military and the power of the government • The propaganda campaign provoked powerful fears in society • For many countries the war created political instability and violence that lasted for years

33. THE LEGACY OF WWI • Russia established the first Communist state during the war

34. THE LEGACY OF WWI • Americans called World War I, “TheWar to end all Wars” --- however unresolved issues would eventually drag the U.S. into an even deadlier conflict

35. Guided Reading: 19. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler? Political instability ad violence Resentment over Germany’s treatment by the allies

36. C – Why were some people afraid of the treaty’s influence over American foreign policy? • It was feared that US membership in the League would force the US to shape its foreign policy in accord with the League.