Cognition

1. Cognition Create a Concept Map/Flow Chart/Graphic Organizer Organize all of the content into their larger categories Cognition Memory Language Thinking Problem Solving and Creativity

2. Myers Intelligence and Individual DifferencesModules 60-64 McElhaney

3. quiz • Summarize the following therioes: • Spearman • Gardener • Sternberg • Thurstin • How are the following theories connected? • Which theory of intelligence do you most identify with and why?

4. Binet- 1904 Define Intelligence Intelligence Testing Aptitude, Mental abilities Validity and Reliability Criterion Validity Objective and Standardized Tests 5 Aspects of Intelligence Fluid Reasoning Draw the Bell Curve IQ tests (outline all aspects found in the text) Quantitative Reasoning- Visual-Spatial Processing Working Memory Mentally Gifted Dr. Terman Outline characteristics of successful students. (Pg. 411) Which signs of giftedness are most important to you? Autistic Savants Outline key information regarding Intellectual Disability=Mental Retardation Profoundly, Severely, Mildly, Borderline Intellectual Disability Causes of Intellectual Disability Familial, Organic, Fetal, Metabolic, Genetic Abnormalities PKU Microcephaly Hydrocephaly Cretinism Down syndrome Fragile X Syndrome Which has more influence on intelligence heredity or Environment? Eugenics Tryon study What do twin studies show? What are some other factors of intelligence- Environment, Socio-Economic level, child development programs? Intelligent information processing. Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner Content Outline

5. Quiz Rosenthal and Jacobsen “What you expect is what you get” • Describe the methodology of Rosenhtal’s student study. • What is the Pygmalion Effect? • What are the implications of Rosenthal’s study?

6. Questions • What is intelligence? • How good are tests designed to measure intelligence? • Can test scores be compared without considering the social and academic background of the people who took the tests? • How are intelligence tests created? • What do intelligence tests measure? • How can intelligence tests be evaluated?

7. Basic Ideas • Intelligence Test are useful estimates of intelligence • Everyone has special aptitudes= wide range of mental abilities • Most people are mid-range intelligence • Small % of people have high intelligence • High IQ does not reveal success • Intelligence relates to heredity + environment • IQ test are not perfectly reliable • Intelligence is a developed ability… asking questions helps • Rewards for progress helps • Encouragement helps • Expectations (aid) (Rosenthal and Jacobsen study… teacher expectations) (Link)

8. Defining Intelligence • Definition- (abstract thinking, or reasoning, problem solving, capacity to acquire knowledge) • Intelligence is the global capacity to act purposefully • To think rationally • To deal effectively with the environment • “Intelligence is the ability to • Learn from experience. • To solve problems • Use knowledge All to adapt to new situations

9. Brain + Intelligence Intelligence is Neurologically Measured (Bio-aspects)Bigger Brains? Yes Communications = more connections Frontal Lobes + Parietal Lobes Brain Function Processing speed, yes. Verbal tasked measured speed of connections and memory (associated)

10. Charles Spearman Researched Intelligence • Found there is one “g” “General Intelligence” • He said people have special abilities that cross over to other topics/subjects/abilities • He identified • Factor Analysis- is basically a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items. • The “g” factor underlies all intelligent behavior. (it’s not just one thing!)

11. Kanazawa • Evolutionary psychologist • People had to solve problems • Different problems required different intelligences

12. Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence: Some Concepts • Multiple Intelligences: Theory posed by Howard Gardner that states we have several specialized types of intellectual ability • Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligence • Found some insight into how people learn • He identified different skills that make up intelligence • Said they are complimentary and interact • Some intelligences are developed further than others • Reinforces “g” Factor

13. Gardner’s Theory of MultipleIntelligences • Linguistic: Used for thinking by lawyers, writers, comedians • Logic and Math: Used by scientists, accountants, programmers • Spatial Thinking: Used by engineers, inventors, aviators • Musical: Used by composers, musicians, music critics • Bodily-Kinesthetic Skills: Used by dancers, athletes, surgeons • Intrapersonal(Self-Knowledge): Used by poets, actors, ministers • Interpersonal(Social Abilities): Used by psychologists, teachers, politicians • Naturalistic(Ability to Understand Natural Environment): Used by biologists, organic farmers

14. Multiple Intelligence Thurstin’s- Sternberg’s Three Intelligences Analytical Academic problem solving Traditional intelligence tests Predicts school grades Creative Intelligence Reacting adequately to novel situations Generating novel ideas Creative problem solving Practical Intelligence Everyday tasks Managing yourself/tasks/other people • Identified 7 Clusters of Primary Mental Abilities • Word Fluency • Verbal Comprehension • Spatial • Perceptual speed • Numerical ability • Inductive reasoning • Memory

15. Sternberg-Wagner Test • Measures Managerial abilities • Writing memos • Motivating people • Delegating tasks • Delegating responsibilities • Reading people • Promoting one’s career

16. 4 Components of Emotional Intelligence • Perceiving emotions • Understanding emotions • Predict them and how they change • Managing emotions • Means expressing them appropriately • Using emotions • To help thinking not hinder • Self awareness and • Social awareness • Are key

17. Intelligence Tests • Assess people’s mental abilities and compare them with others using numerical scores.

18. General Intelligence Tests – measure: • Remembering • Reasoning • Verbal Abilities • Mathematic Abilities • Cognitive abilities- deal with capacity to: • Reason • Remember • Understand • Solve problems • Make decisions • Processing speed • We draw conclusions about people’s intelligence from what can be observed and measured

19. Alfred Binet, 1904 France • Education Researcher (20th Century France) • Tried to measure reasoning, thinking, problem solving, and found all depended on intelligence • “Created test to tell if a child was performing up to his or her potential” • Tasks that would highlight differences in children’s ability to do these things • Age based tasks • “6 year old item” types of questions that most kids should be able to answer • Test measured a child’s mental level (aka) Mental Age • He found by determining the age level of most advanced items a child could consistently answer correctly then he made inferences about the child in reference to most children of that age… • “Children whose mental age equaled their actual chronological age were considered to be regular level intelligence.” (p. 367)

20. Stern and Terman and IQ Stern Terman Modified Binet Stanford Binet Test Longitudinal Vs Cross-sectional Studies • Created IQ • Intelligence Quotient

21. Intelligence Quotients • To accurately measure intelligence need to know • Chronological age (CA) • Mental age (CA)= (average intellectual performance)= level of age-ranked questions she or he can answer • Example vocabulary word “Connection” certain % know this term • Scores of many words similar can lead to an overall mental age can be identified.

22. IQ • IQ = from dividing one number into another. MA X 100 = IQ CA

23. Scoring IQ • When mental age and chronological age is the same or similar • = normal intelligence 100 or near… • Average ranges= 90-109 intelligence • When the mental age is higher than the chronological age- intelligence is higher

24. IQ + Achievement • 100 = struggle with college • 120- would do just fine • IQ = grades – correlation • IQ is not correlated to art, music, drama, science or leadership (creativity- test tell us more)

25. Nice to know • Modern IQ scores are associated with “Deviation Scores= based on a person’s relative standing in his or her age group.” Which tell how far above or below average a person’s scores fall. • IQ doesn’t really change after age 16, except, when strong stimulation is present IQ seems to increase,… or when alcoholism or drug use causes a decline

26. What doe IQ tests measure?(SB5) • Still age based IQ • Measures: • Fluid Reasoning • Knowledge • Quantitative Reasoning • Working Memory • Visual + Spatial Processing • (Verbal and Non-verbal) • Age ranked questions- that get progressively more difficult

27. Number of scores Sixty-eight percent of people score within 15 points above or below 100 Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points of 100 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 Wechsler intelligence score The Normal Curve Most scores fall close to the average and few are found at extremes

28. Sex in Relation to IQ • Women- best performance as group • Verbal, vocabulary and rote learning • Men- spatial visualization- math • What are other connections we can make to this tendency? • Evolutionary, Social/Gender Bias • Issue related to the tendency of parents + teachers to encourage males in these areas

29. IQ and Job Status • There are many variables associated IQ- it’s not absolute • High IQ correlates with white collar careers • Lawyers, engineers = 125 IQ • Lower IQ = miners & farm workers

30. Wechsler, David (1930) • (WAIS) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale • Tested • Verbal • Non-verbal • Success was not measured on formal school • WAIS IV newest version gives IQ based on Verbal and Non-verbal • Verbal Tasks- • Remembering a series of digits • Solving arithmetic • Defining vocabulary • Understanding and answering general knowledge questions • Performance Tasks • Understanding relationships between objects • Manipulation of blocks, mazes, pictures/stories, completing unfinished pictures

31. WAIS • Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale • Topics: • Similarities- Reasoning + Commonality • Vocabulary- • Block design- Visual abstract processing • Letter Numbering Sequence- repeat numbers in ascending order + alphabetical order

32. WAIS offers • IQ Score • Verbal Comprehension • Perceptual organization • Working memory • Processing speed shows cognitive strengths + weaknesses

33. Are IQ tests fair? • Bias is associated with IQ and jobs that require academic degrees • Test measure a particular type of intelligence (Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, Working Memory) • Studies show that African Americans score lower on IQ scores because of cultural bias.

34. Evaluating Tests: Are IQ Tests Fair? • There are many variables that can impact test performance • English language • Vocabulary and experiences • Culture Specific • Many tests reflect the attitudes and experiences of the authors example middle class culture • Context dependent questions • Biased questions

35. IQ Bias examples • What number comes next in the following sequence:   1   2   5   6   9   10   ___________ • How many weeks are in a year?   ___________ • Filthy is to disease as clean is to __________ • Three of the following may classified with pool.  What are they?   lagoon   swamp   lake   marsh   pond (circle your answers) • Which items may be classified with clock?   ruler   thermometer   rainguage   tachometer (circle your answers) • If BAD is written 214, how would you write DIG in the same secret writing? ______ • If Mary's aunt is my mother, what relation is Mary's father to my sister? _______ • Why does the state require people to get a license in order to get married?___________________________________________________________________ • What is the thing to do if you find an envelope in the street that is sealed, addressed and has a new stamp? • ___________________________________________________________________ • Why should you keep away from bad company? • ___________________________________________________________________

36. Answer Key • Scoring Sheet: Australian/American Test of Intelligence • Answer is 13.  Add 1 to the first number, then add 3, ,then 1, then 3, etc. • Fifty-two • Health - If you believe that germs cause illness and if you believe that absences of "filth" signifies the absence of germs. • Lagoon, lake, pond • All of these.  They are all measuring devices. • 497.  Solution of this problem requires ability to count and sort some of concept of codes. • Uncle.  Assumes conceptualization of European/Western familial relationships. • For social control?  To see that people do not commit bigamy?  To see that closely related kinsfolk do not marry?  For statistical purposes?  To ensure that people who are under age do not marry? • Post it.  However, a more practical line of action would be: open it to see if it contains anything of value, carefully remove the stamp for your own use and at least be 18c richer.  But in a highly acquisitive society principles of "honesty" (i.e. respect for unprotected property) have to be supported or society could easily break down (to the disadvantage of property owners).  Note the question asks "What is the thing to do...." not "What would you do...."  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis. • Because they may influence your own behavior and get you into trouble.  However, this only correct if you believe that bad people influence good people and not vice versa, that people who behave badly should be isolated in the community.  Again, the "correct" answer has a moral basis.

37. Measuring the Quality of Tests • Tests are standardized procedure, observing and describing behavior • Objective in nature to remove biases • Score= a performance summary • Norms= the frequency of particular scores related to other people and groups • Reliability= Replication, identified as a Correlation Coefficient • Validity= test measures what it is supposed to measure • Criterion Validity- comparing test scores with actual performance • Objective tests- tests that can be scored the same by two different scorers

39. Standardized Tests • Standard procedures are used • The norm =results of average • Used to rank and compare students and achievement • http://www.fairtest.org/facts/nratests.html

40. Quiz on IQ tests • What are the elements that are used to measure IQ? (How are IQ tests scored?) • Who were primary researchers associated with IQ testing? • What specific skills and abilities are measured by IQ tests? • How are reliability/Validity/Norms/ related to IQ tests? • Explain why researchers suggest that IQ tests are biased

41. 1. “A person must have both low test score and 2. Difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living.” Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of the Retarded Adaptation to Demands of Life Mild 50-70 85% May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills. Moderate 35-49 10 May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops. Severe 20-34 3-4 May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training. Intellectual Disability Profound Below 20 1-2 Require constant aid and supervision.

42. Intellectual Disabllility Causes of Intellectual Disability PKU Microcephaly Hydrocephaly Cretinsim Down Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome

43. 6 Aspects of Intelligence • Fluid Reasoning • Knowledge • Quantitative reasoning • Visual-Spatial reasoning • Working memory • Processing Speed

44. Fluid Reasoning • Use inductive reasoning – from specific to general • Or • Deductive reasoning- from general to the specific • Example of question tasks- “how are an apple, a plum, and a banana, different from a beet?” • Other items- • Complete a matrix of shapes that has one missing. • Tell a story that explains what’s going on in a series of pictures.

45. Knowledge • Assesses general information the test taker has acquired. • Questions: • General knowledge = “How many legs does a horse have? • Vocabulary = Define the word cryptic • Absurdities = What is wrong with this picture?”

46. Quantitative Reasoning- • Measure a person’s ability to solve problems involving numbers. • Questions emphasize practical problems vs mathematical knowledge • Given the number 3, 6, 9, 12 what number would come next?

47. Visual-Spatial Processing • Assesses someone’s ability to see patterns and relationships in visual displays • Examples- putting picture puzzles together • Working with geometric shapes • Reproducing patterns of blocks

48. Working Memory • Measures the ability to recall, sort, and apply information in short-term memory • Remembering the order of colored beads on a stick

49. Psychometrics • Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational measurement. The field is primarily concerned with the construction and validation of measurement instruments such as questionnaires, tests, and personality assessments.

50. Other Tests: • Aptitude Tests: • Predicts your ability to learn a new skill • Measure readiness to learn certain things • Or preform certain tasks • Examples: SAT, ACT (American College Testing) , GRE (Graduate Record Exam) • Achievement Tests: • “Measures what a person has learned in a particular area”